Epigraphs Note on Terminology Acknowledgments Introduction

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7. Ibid., p. 476. Hunter was an examiner at Cambridge University. Cambridge had been a fluoride poison gas research center during the war. Sir Rudolph Peters also did his enzyme studies at Cambridge. R. E. Banks, ed., Fluorine Chemistry at the Millenium (Amsterdam and New York Elsevier, 2000), R. E. Banks (ed) p. 500.] 8. University of Rochester, Progress Report for October, 1944—Abstracts, Dr. Harold Hodge, p. 478. “The results indicated that the inhibition of esterase activity produced by T [code for uranium] was small compared with that by C-216 [code for fluorine]. Thus 0.025 ppm C-216 caused the same percentage inhibition of esterase activity as 100 ppm T (33 percent). From these results it is concluded that in a mixture of T and C-216 in which the amount (by weight) of T is not more than 50-fold that of C-216 the effect of the T upon the activity of liver esterase can be neglected.” Also, “The useful range of this curve for determining C-216 concentrations was from 0–0.5 ppm, C- 216.” Document #SO9FO1B227, p. 19, ACHRE, RG 220. For a discussion of the role of fluoride on enzyme inhibition, and for comprehensive citations, see Waldbott et al., Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma. 9. Court of Appeals for 9th Circuit, , Brief Answer to Petition for Rehearing, Appeals from the Final Judgements of the District Court for the District of Oregon, p. 5, Folders 14990–14992. 10. Reynolds Metals Company vs. Paul Martin. Plaintiffs direct examination, p. 500, U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit Ct. of Appeals, San Francisco, Court Case Papers and Printed Matter, Case #14990, transcript of record in six volumes, Folders 14990–14992,Boxes 5888–5890, RG 276. 11. Ibid., p. 492. 12. Ibid., p. 1913, deposition of Paula Martin. 13. Ibid., pp. 259 and 213, direct and cross examination of Richard Capps. 14. Ibid., p. 245. 15. Ibid., p. 197. 16. See chapters 3 and 9. 17. Direct examination of Robert Kehoe, Reynolds Metal Company vs. Paul Martin, pp. 995 and 997. 18. Robert Kehoe to Edward Largent, February 13, 1956, File 5, Box 76, RAK Collection. 19. Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. Minutes of the Air Pollution Abatement Committee, November 2, 1955. Via Environmental Working Group searchable database. 20. Appellant’s Brief, Appeal from Final Judgments of the District Court for the District of Oregon, Honorable William G. East, Judge. May 14, 1956, p. 7. 21. Following the Martin trial, the company put Largent directly on its payroll as a health and environment consultant. In the years to come Reynolds and its health consultants would be preoccupied with another citizen protest, this time from Mohawk Indians on the Akwesasne reservation on the New York–Canada border, who lived downwind of a newly built Reynolds alu-
minum plant and who claimed that their health and economy were being destroyed by fluoride (see chapter 15). Chapter 14 1. Reynolds Metals Company vs. Paul Martin. Petition for Rehearing en banc, p. 6, and Appellant’s Brief, p. 32 Appeal from Final Judgments of the District Court for the District of Oregon, Honorable William G. East, Judge. May 14, 1956. P. 3. RG 276, US Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit Ct. of Appeals, San Francisco, Court Case Papers and Printed Matter, Box 5888–5890, Folder 14990 to 14992, case #14990, transcript of record in six volumes. 2. The judges were told that Our Children’s Teeth included “the statements of one medical and scientific expert after another, all to the effect that fluorides in low concentrations (such as are present around aluminum and other industrial plants) present no hazard to man.” Brief Amicus Curiae, In the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Rehearing en banc on Appeal from Final Judgements of the District Court for the District of Oregon, p. 8, File 18, Box 63, RAK Collection. 3. Statement of Robert Kehoe, Our Children’s Teeth, A Digest of Current Scientific Opinion Based on Studies of Fluorides in Public Water Supplies, prepared by the Committee to Protect Our Children’s Teeth, Inc., submitted to the Mayor and the Board of Estimate of the City of New York (1957), p. 31. 4. R. Kehoe, “Memorandum on the Present Status and the Future Needs, with Respect to Information Deriving from Observation and Investigation of the Behavior of Inorganic Compounds of Fluorine in the Animal Organism,” February 1, 1956, File 5, Box 76, RAK Collection. 5. Robert Kehoe to James M. McMillan, September 20, 1961, cc: Mr. Frank Seamans, Box 63, RAK Collection. 6. R. Kehoe, “Memorandum on the Present Status and the Future Needs, with Respect to Information Deriving from Observation and Investigation of the Behavior of Inorganic Compounds of Fluorine in the Animal Organism,” February 1, 1956, File 5, Box 76, Kettering Files. 7. The corporations “which are concerned mainly with the results of exposure to fluorides in various occupations” included “The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company, Aluminum Company of America, Reynolds Metals Company, Universal Oil Products Company, American Petroleum Institute, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority, The Harshaw Chemical Company, [and] Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation,” Kehoe told the Medical Director of the Division of Industrial Hygiene, Dr. Seward Miller. 8. “In a meeting a little while ago,” Kehoe wrote to Dr. Miller, “the question was raised, naturally, as to the long-term influence of small quantities of fluorides, such as those which might be taken in with drinking water, both in areas in which fluorides occur in somewhat unusual concentrations in the drinking water as well as those areas in which fluorides are being added to community water supplies . . . I feel that I should transmit to you the
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Notes Epig
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J. R. Fuchs of the Truman Library,
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Hardy Limeback dated May 15, 2003,
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13. M. Hertsgaard and P. Frazer,
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ight foot. It was pretty hard for m
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(1935), p. 399. For worker conditio
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interosseous membranes are often os
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Mottled teeth in children in the fa
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56. P. C. Lowery to C. F. Kettering
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on Freon toxicity. Several of the p
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is it known whether Dean had been o
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oxide, uranium hexafluoride and ura
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19. On teeth falling out, see New Y
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“Douglas P. Meigs died as a resul
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fluorine, leaving a thin film of fl
Page 31 and 32: determined to be ten times less tox
Page 33 and 34: hexafluoride became overheated duri
Page 35 and 36: the fluoride plant. The state inspe
Page 37 and 38: to keep the cascade in proper opera
Page 39 and 40: 6. “Harold C. Hodge, 1904-1990, P
Page 41 and 42: tion, with estimates of the amount
Page 43 and 44: to the Rockefeller Institute for Me
Page 45 and 46: 33. Lt. Col. Cooper Rhodes memo to
Page 47 and 48: and Medicine Division, Corresponden
Page 49 and 50: 20. Author interview, December 3, 2
Page 51 and 52: epresenting Col. Warren’s office,
Page 53 and 54: the people working in the atomic en
Page 55 and 56: 5. From 1925 to 1958 Kehoe was the
Page 57 and 58: (a few months to 7 years; av. 2.6 y
Page 59 and 60: Corporation, aluminum smelters were
Page 61 and 62: example, in preparing its 1953 repo
Page 63 and 64: 39. Largent was familiar with Rohol
Page 65 and 66: eplaced with a prosthesis but that
Page 67 and 68: March 18, 1934, Society Section, p.
Page 69 and 70: 38. “Therefore the Company comes
Page 71 and 72: 18. A. Ciocco and D. J. Thompson,
Page 73 and 74: 14. D. McNeil, Fight for Fluoridati
Page 75 and 76: of Dental Caries: A Report of the C
Page 77 and 78: to Dr. Arthur Bushel, Director of t
Page 79 and 80: use the term ‘artificial fluorida
Page 81: of Dental Consultants and Executive
Page 85 and 86: 13. D. A. Greenwood, “Background
Page 87 and 88: 8. Minutes of the meeting of the Fl
Page 89 and 90: smokestacks and worker paychecks.
Page 91 and 92: 36. Richard Wilson and John Spengle
Page 93 and 94: vies Island. Sauvies Island. Portla
Page 95 and 96: Frank Seamans and Keith Taylor orga
Page 97 and 98: could be related to fluorine effect
Page 99 and 100: Jersey State Dental Soc., vol. 37 (
Page 101 and 102: tor, Criteria & Standards Division,
Page 103 and 104: 30. For Michigan, see T. L. Hagen,
Page 105 and 106: 6. “It would be desirable,” Col
Page 107 and 108: “Did they tell you how the patien
Page 109 and 110: DuPont has since paid $1.3 billion
Page 111 and 112: generation died while [at the lower
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