Epigraphs Note on Terminology Acknowledgments Introduction

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sis and died and people have been afflicted with sore throats and burning eyes and nosebleeds and respiratory problems. Millions of dollars in damage suits have been filed against phosphate plants.” Ned Groth, Pennisula Observer, January 27–February 8, 1969. In 1966 the Chemical Manufacturers Association mandated a decrease in airborne fluoride emissions from the phosphate industry in Polk County, from 17 tons to 9 tons per day, according to Dr. D. R. Hendrickson, professor of Sanitary Engineering, University of Florida. Cited in Manufacturing Chemists Association minutes, January 26–28, 1966, CMA Archives, Document 085439, Environmental Working Group searchable database. Human effects were also claimed by an attorney in Lakeland, Florida, A. R. Carver from the firm of Carver and Langston, whose letter to Dr. Robert Kehoe refers to “air pollution litigation” on behalf of “A man, his wife and two teenage children. They have been living for several years in close proximity; that is to say, within a circle, the radius of which extends five miles, would include eight producing super triple phosphate plants.” May 8, 1956, A. R. Carver to Kehoe, RAK Collection. A Lakeland resident, Mrs. Harriet Lightfoot, told the AP about the human effects of fluoride pollution: “It seemed as she came suddenly awake that a strangler’s hands were at her throat. Madly she gasped for breath. Her head was pierced by a splitting pain. Her throat and eyes burned.” Pensacola News- Journal, December 18, 1966. See also the account “Death in Our Air,” reported in The Saturday Evening Post by Ben H. Bagdikian, “Donald McLean, of Polk County, Fla, told a Senate subcommittee that since phosphate plants began putting seven tons of fluoride a day into the air he has had to sell his cattle and his citrus crops because cattle died, crops that used to mature in 80 days now take 200, barbed wire that used to last 20 years rots in 4, and he doesn’t dare grow vegetables for his family for fear they will pick up the same chemicals that fall onto his pastures and groves. ‘It eats up the paint and etches glass, it kills trees, it kills cattle. It is an irritant to mucous membrane, and we have sore throats, tears run out of our eyes, we sneeze, we have nosebleeds. Gentlemen, am I a fool to assume that that stuff [is] injurious to humans?’” (Date missing on article.) • 1961, The Dalles, OR: Fairview Farms Inc. received $300,000 from the Harvey Aluminum Company’s reduction plant because of damage to farmlands and animals. Orchardist W. J. Meyer and his wife Mary Ann also received $485,000 for “willful damage” to cherry, apricot, and peach crops, according to news accounts. (“Harvey Loses Fluoride Case,” Hood River (OR) News, October 29, 1970. Cited in G. L. Waldbott et al., Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, p. 298. The company argued that pollution reduction equipment would cost $15 million and require 100 extra employees. National Fluoridation News (March–April 1965), p. 3. • 1962, Vancouver, WA: Alcoa paid William Fraser $60,000 and, in the same year, $20,000 to Earl Reeder because of fluoride injury to their cattle on Sau-
vies Island. Sauvies Island. Portland (OR) Reporter, June 26, 1962. Cited in Waldbott et al., Fluoridation, p. 298. • 1962, Contra Costa County, CA: Cattle ranchers in California sued four chemical plants for damages to their herds. Ned Groth, Peninsula Observer, January 27–February 8, 1969. • Garrison, MT: Human harm from fluoride pollution was alleged after the Rocky Mountain phosphate plant opened in 1963, with residents complaining of, among other symptoms, heart problems and asthma. Lawsuits for $740,000 were filed. “Smog Battle Ends in Montana Town,” New York Times, September 17, 1967. Cited in Waldbott et al., Fluoridation, p. 299. See also New York Times, December 1966: “It is charged among other things that fluoride-laden smoke from the phosphate plant has caused malformations and deteriorating teeth in cattle and horses, that trees have been afflicted by cancerous growths and that people have developed symptoms akin to bronchitis, sinus trouble and heart attacks.” See also, B. Merson, “The Town That Refused to Die,” Good Housekeeping, January 1969, lawsuits cited in National Fluoridation News, March–April 1965, p. 3. “People were made so ill that many were literally driven out of their homes,” according to Ned Groth in Peninsula Observer. • 1968: Cominco American Phosphate Company in Douglas Creek was successfully sued for $250,000. L. Greenall, “Industrial Fluoride Pollution in British Columbia,” Canadian Scientific Pollution and Environmental Control Society, Vancouver, mimeo, January 1971. Cited in M. Prival and F. Fisher, “Fluorides in the Air,” Environment, vol. 15, no. 3 (April 1973), pp. 25–32. • Columbia Falls, MT, 1970: Six damage suits for $625,402 were filed on Sept 24 by residents for alleged fluoride damage caused by the Anaconda Aluminum Company and the Anaconda Wire and Cable Co, according to news accounts. A week earlier a $21.5 million dollar action was filed against the two companies by Dr. and Mrs. Loren Kreck of Columbia Falls, and a suit filed by Mr. and Mrs. Harold Dehibom asked $1,650,000 from the same defendants. National Fluoridation News (September–October 1970), p. 4. • Tennesse, 1970: Reports of $3 million in fluoride claims against Alcoa. “Alcoa Sued for Nearly $3 Million,” Knoxville (TN) Journal, October 29, 1970, Cited in Waldbott et al., Fluoridation, p. 298. • 1971: $9 million lawsuit in by the Sierra Club against the Harshaw Chemical Company for fluoride pollution, which, the Club charged, had corroded a main bridge over the Cuyahoga River. • Ferndale, WA, 1972: $83,060 judgment by farmer against Intalco Aluminum Company in Ferndale, WA. R. Park, “The Italco Trial,” Bellingham (WA), Northwest Passage March 20–April 2, 1972, cited in Prival and Fisher. • 1980: $150 million lawsuit against Reynolds Metals and Alcoa, alleging fluoride injury to cattle on the New York–Canadian St. Regis Reservation, during the period of 1960–1975, settled for $650,000. Karen St. Hilaire, “St.
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Notes Epig
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J. R. Fuchs of the Truman Library,
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Hardy Limeback dated May 15, 2003,
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13. M. Hertsgaard and P. Frazer,
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ight foot. It was pretty hard for m
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(1935), p. 399. For worker conditio
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interosseous membranes are often os
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Mottled teeth in children in the fa
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56. P. C. Lowery to C. F. Kettering
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on Freon toxicity. Several of the p
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is it known whether Dean had been o
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oxide, uranium hexafluoride and ura
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19. On teeth falling out, see New Y
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“Douglas P. Meigs died as a resul
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fluorine, leaving a thin film of fl
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determined to be ten times less tox
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hexafluoride became overheated duri
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the fluoride plant. The state inspe
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to keep the cascade in proper opera
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6. “Harold C. Hodge, 1904-1990, P
Page 41 and 42: tion, with estimates of the amount
Page 43 and 44: to the Rockefeller Institute for Me
Page 45 and 46: 33. Lt. Col. Cooper Rhodes memo to
Page 47 and 48: and Medicine Division, Corresponden
Page 49 and 50: 20. Author interview, December 3, 2
Page 51 and 52: epresenting Col. Warren’s office,
Page 53 and 54: the people working in the atomic en
Page 55 and 56: 5. From 1925 to 1958 Kehoe was the
Page 57 and 58: (a few months to 7 years; av. 2.6 y
Page 59 and 60: Corporation, aluminum smelters were
Page 61 and 62: example, in preparing its 1953 repo
Page 63 and 64: 39. Largent was familiar with Rohol
Page 65 and 66: eplaced with a prosthesis but that
Page 67 and 68: March 18, 1934, Society Section, p.
Page 69 and 70: 38. “Therefore the Company comes
Page 71 and 72: 18. A. Ciocco and D. J. Thompson,
Page 73 and 74: 14. D. McNeil, Fight for Fluoridati
Page 75 and 76: of Dental Caries: A Report of the C
Page 77 and 78: to Dr. Arthur Bushel, Director of t
Page 79 and 80: use the term ‘artificial fluorida
Page 81 and 82: of Dental Consultants and Executive
Page 83 and 84: minum plant and who claimed that th
Page 85 and 86: 13. D. A. Greenwood, “Background
Page 87 and 88: 8. Minutes of the meeting of the Fl
Page 89 and 90: smokestacks and worker paychecks.
Page 91: 36. Richard Wilson and John Spengle
Page 95 and 96: Frank Seamans and Keith Taylor orga
Page 97 and 98: could be related to fluorine effect
Page 99 and 100: Jersey State Dental Soc., vol. 37 (
Page 101 and 102: tor, Criteria & Standards Division,
Page 103 and 104: 30. For Michigan, see T. L. Hagen,
Page 105 and 106: 6. “It would be desirable,” Col
Page 107 and 108: “Did they tell you how the patien
Page 109 and 110: DuPont has since paid $1.3 billion
Page 111 and 112: generation died while [at the lower
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