SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT |2010 - Avfall Sverige

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SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT 2010 WASTE ECONOMICS Municipalities and producers handle the management of household waste. The municipal costs are charged as a separate waste collection fee, and the producers’ costs as a fee included in the price of the product. The local councils set the municipal waste collection fees. The producers themselves decide on the amount of the product fee. As a rule, the waste collection fees cover the total costs for the municipal waste management. However, cases of deficits are taxfunded. Administration, such as waste planning, customer service, invoicing and information are included in the costs. The fee must also cover the service costs at the recycling centers for collection and handling of bulky waste and hazardous household waste. The rate is often based on one fixed and one variable fee, for example on one fee for waste collection and one for waste treatment. According to the self cost principle in the Local Government Act, the municipalities’ income from fees must not exceed the costs for the municipal waste management. The waste collection fee of a Swedish single-family house is 1,980 SEK a year on average, according to data from the statistics system Avfall Web. Many local authorities, which have introduced voluntary collection of food waste, use the fee as a means of control. For example, households that sign up for separate collection of food waste are offered a lower fee than those that choose to continue with mixed waste collection. To attain a higher recycling rate, several municipalities have introduced a fee based on weight, which means that the households pay per kilo waste collected, on top of the basic fee. 29 municipalities had the weight-based fee in 2009. In these cases, the collection vehicles are provided with a scale and equipment to identify each bin. The total annual cost for weight-based fees will vary depending on the quantity of waste left for collection. The waste collection fee for an apartment of 70 m 2 is on average 1,350 SEK, according to an annual report submitted by an organization representing tenants and landlords’ associations. The cost for waste management is on average 690 SEK per person and year, including VAT. The municipal cost for collection of waste in bins and bags is on average 200 SEK per person. Treatment of the waste is not included in that cost. The basic fee, at 250 SEK per person, covers the cost for the recycling centers, treatment of hazardous waste from households, planning, information and administration. The statistics are based on data collected from approximately 40 percent of the municipalities in Sweden. There are several means to reduce the environmental impact of waste management, to improve resource efficiency and to increase recycling, either through information or with administrative means of control. Examples of administrative means are regulations and prohibitions such as emission limit values and prohibition against landfilling of organic waste. Economical means can work either as ”carrot”, through tax reliefs and subventions, or as “stick”, through taxes and charges. The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is applied. Tax on landfilled waste was introduced in 2000 as a way to reduce landfilling. The tax was initially 250 SEK but has since then been raised several times. Since July 1st 2006, the landfill tax has been set at 435 SEK per ton of waste disposed. The landfill site is liable for taxation. On July 1st 2006, a tax on household waste going to waste-to-energy incineration was introduced. The Swedish Parliament has decided to abrogate that tax on October 1st, 2010. The treatment fee, or reception fee, is the part of the waste management which is charged when the waste is transported to the treatment facility. The table on the next page shows the approximate charges for different types of treatment. The charges can vary a good deal from one facility to another. 26
SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT 2010 WASTE INCINERATION TAX Upphör 1 oktober 2010 kr/tons 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% electrical efficiency LANDFILL TAX 2000 – 2010 kr/tons 500 400 300 200 100 0 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10 TREATMENT FEE FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE (including VAT and, where relevant, tax) SEK/ton 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Landfill 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 Incineration 300–600 300–600 500–1,000 500–1,000 550–1,100 550–1,100 Biological treatment 400–1,000 400–600 400–700 400–800 400–800 400–800 27
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