Intervention Principles and Practice Guidelines for - Underage ...

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Individual-Level Interventions Once a decision has been made about what part of the system the youth or young person will be involved with, decisions also need to be made about the individual-level sanctions, services, and programs to which he or she will be subjected. Some of the services and programs in which the youth may become involved will be justice-system based; however, it is not uncommon for youth to be referred to programs within the social services system (e.g., treatment, counseling, etc.) that are designed to meet their individual needs more effectively. Unfortunately, the research on effective supervision and intervention with underage drinkers is sparse; therefore, community corrections workers and agencies must rely on general information about evidence-based strategies and apply these to underage drinking supervision. Community corrections professionals and agencies also must commit to data collection and analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. When indicated, treatment programs should be a fundamental part of the supervision/intervention process. Targeted and timely treatment interventions for high-risk youth will provide the greatest benefits to the offender, victim, and community in the long-term (Crime and Justice Institute, 2004). Interventions should focus on skill development necessary to achieve self-sufficiency through education and employment, and in social relationships (King County, 2005). There is a high correlation between substance abuse disorders and mental disorders. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (n.d.), about 50% of adolescents and adults with severe mental disorders are also substance abusers. More than one-third (37%) of alcohol abusers also have at least one serious mental illness. Of those diagnosed with a mental illness, 29% abuse either alcohol or drugs. Intervention plans for underage drinkers, thus, may also need to include treatment for mental health issues. Effectiveness of Promising Approaches While there may not be a wealth of research on specific interventions that work with underage drinking offenders, research has found that various prevention approaches are effective in curbing underage drinking among populations of young people. Many of these prevention strategies will affect young people who have not yet started drinking or whose drinking is minimal and has not caused them problems. It is important to remember that some individuals in the juvenile and adult justice systems also fall into these groups, and therefore, prevention programs may be helpful to them to preclude their movement toward the higher-risk groups with regard to underage drinking. Not only is prevention useful for them, but also for young people who are already underage drinkers. Therefore, justice system personnel, particularly community corrections professionals, should participate in the planning and implementation of prevention programs. 52
Promising Prevention Programs at the Community Level Some prevention programs that are typically implemented to affect all young people in a community have been determined to be at least somewhat effective or promising (Bonnie & O’Connell, 2004). These include: • Changing environmental factors that contribute to alcohol use and abuse including limiting access to alcohol, increasing costs, limiting exposure to high-use residential environments, changing factors that protect heavy drinking, and improving alcohol policies and enforcement procedures. • Elementary and secondary school-based interventions to establish nonuse norms. These programs should include a number of key features, such as integrated components that stress parental monitoring and supervision and limitations on alcohol access. • Programs that provide parents with skills and impetus to monitor and supervise their children vigorously. • Programs on college campuses that screen and intervene or refer students for intervention. • Alcohol education programs on college campuses, especially those working with parents and students together. • Skills training using cognitive behavioral models to address problem or heavy alcohol use among college students. • Normative feedback to challenge misperceptions about rates of alcohol use on college campuses. • Motivational enhancement to assess college students’ alcohol use and provide nonjudgmental feedback regarding their alcohol consumption. Promising Interventions for Offenders Cognitive behavioral therapy/treatment (CBT) is one intervention that has been shown by research to be effective with a range of juvenile and adult offenders (Lipsey, Landenberger, & Wilson, 2007), including those who are engaging in problem behaviors related to substance use and abuse. The underlying premise of CBT is that thoughts affect emotions, which, in turn, influences behaviors (OJJDP, n.d.). As such, cognitive behavioral interventions help youth learn skills to change the way they view the world. These approaches include techniques to change thought patterns, attitudes, values, and expectations that have resulted in problem behaviors and to instill more balanced thinking that promotes prosocial behavior (King County, 2005; Lipsey, Landenberger, & Wilson, 2007). There are myriad programs based on the cognitive behavioral approach. To be successfully implemented, however, professionals serving as facilitators or trainers in these types of programs must understand antisocial thinking, social learning, and appropriate communication techniques (Crime and 53
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Underage Drinking Intervention Prin
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Table of Contents, continued SECTIO
Page 6 and 7: Only in recent years has our societ
Page 8 and 9: section illustrates ways these prin
Page 10 and 11: • Research shows that the use of
Page 12 and 13: Other Health Problems Alcohol poiso
Page 14 and 15: Social and Emotional Consequences o
Page 16 and 17: SECTION II LEGAL ISSUES RELATED TO
Page 18 and 19: others, the right to freedom of spe
Page 20 and 21: Besides the two types of federal co
Page 22 and 23: SECTION III ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIP
Page 24 and 25: Preventing the onset of alcohol use
Page 26 and 27: the available resources in various
Page 28 and 29: Principle 6: Community corrections
Page 30 and 31: SECTION IV: CONTEXT FOR RESPONDING
Page 32 and 33: Exhibit IV-a Decisions in Underage
Page 34 and 35: Standards of Evidence-Based Practic
Page 36 and 37: SECTION V PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR R
Page 38 and 39: Jack and Jill are both detained by
Page 40 and 41: Exhibit V-c ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS I
Page 42 and 43: Additional screening instruments th
Page 44 and 45: There are myriad risk and needs ass
Page 46 and 47: Exhibit V-f Community Assessment Te
Page 48 and 49: Exhibit V-g Search Institute’s Fr
Page 50 and 51: Assessment What did you think your
Page 52 and 53: Exhibit V-i Risk Factors for Adoles
Page 54 and 55: Practice Guideline 5 Determine the
Page 58 and 59: Justice Institute, 2004). Cognitive
Page 60 and 61: Colleges and universities have a na
Page 62 and 63: develop social, academic, and vocat
Page 64 and 65: Case Study Jack Sample Case Plan Th
Page 66 and 67: Short-term goal 1: Begin outpatient
Page 68 and 69: Exhibit V-l Stages of Change Indica
Page 70 and 71: People are more likely to thrive an
Page 72 and 73: Exhibit V-m Elements of Effective A
Page 74 and 75: • Presence and severity of psycho
Page 76 and 77: Comprehensive, Integrated Treatment
Page 78 and 79: Because their reasons for using and
Page 80 and 81: The basic reality is that family me
Page 82 and 83: Probation officers, diversion staff
Page 84 and 85: Community corrections staff should
Page 86 and 87: may be sufficient just to determine
Page 88 and 89: Exhibit V-p Sanctions for Noncompli
Page 90 and 91: CONCLUSION In moving away from a on
Page 92 and 93: REFERENCES ACT for Youth (Upstate C
Page 94 and 95: Engs R. C., Diebold, B. A., & Hanse
Page 96 and 97: Mullins, T. G., & Toner, C. (2008).
Page 98 and 99: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Page 100 and 101: • Encouraging the state governmen
Page 102 and 103: parking, destruction of property, a
Page 104 and 105: Underage drinking is intertwined wi
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Left Hemisphere Exhibit 3 Brain Str
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Source: http://www.mindcreators.com
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different neurons might be connecte
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