Intervention Principles and Practice Guidelines for - Underage ...

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may be sufficient just to determine whether alcohol is present through oral fluids tests. Alcohol can be detected through urine testing as well. Unless tests are simultaneously being conducted for other drugs, however, this method is more invasive than breath analysis or oral fluids testing. Some manufacturers have developed sweat patches for alcohol testing. These are worn on the skin for several days and when removed and analyzed can determine whether any alcohol was consumed during the period the patch was worn. The advantages of this type of testing are that it can capture alcohol use over time, and the testing does not have to take place right after the person consumes alcohol for detection. The disadvantage is that it takes time to analyze the test and receive the results, so there cannot be an immediate response given to the offender. Continuous transdermal alcohol testing is another valid way to determine whether a youth has consumed a small, moderate, or large amount of alcohol. It is designed to be used as a screening device to determine alcohol use and not to produce a specific BAC reading. The monitoring device is a passive, non-invasive tool that monitors alcohol consumption 24 hours a day, seven days a week for an extended time. The tamper-and water-resistant bracelet captures transdermal alcohol reading from continuous samples of vaporous or insensible perspiration collected from the air above the skin (Robertson, Vanlaar, & Simpson, 2006). Cost for the continuous transdermal alcohol testing device is usually charged to the offender, which often denies indigent youth access. Indigent funds should be established to allow access for those who are unable to pay. Any information gathered through this compliance monitoring process should be shared appropriately and expeditiously with all who should have access to it, including the court when circumstances merit court action, treatment, and other program providers involved with the offender and victims when their safety may be at risk. Case Study: Jill Alcohol and Drug Testing Another one of Jill’s program requirements is to undergo alcohol and drug testing. Considering the information above, what method(s) would you use? Where would you conduct the tests? Why? 82
Practice Guideline 10 Apply sanctions for noncompliance, when necessary, and increase positive reinforcement. Swift, certain, and consistent sanctions should be applied for unacceptable behavior, particularly instances of drinking or engaging in activities that are a danger to the offender or others. When this is necessary, however, it becomes increasingly vital to reward constructive behaviors positively. People respond better to incentives than to punishment. Research has shown the optimal ratio to be four positive reinforcements for every one that is negative (Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990). Positive reinforcements are crucial because (Maryland Division of Parole and Probation, 2001): • People respond better to positive reinforcement than to sanctions. • Timely, consistent responses help youth change to prosocial behaviors. • Clear expectations and definite boundaries guide youth toward behavioral goals. A continuum of sanctions and incentives should be available so that youth can receive the appropriate level of response. This continuum, or graduated response model, is predicated on responding to lesser infractions with lesser penalty and responding to greater infractions (or ongoing lesser infractions) with greater penalty. Similarly, continued compliance or a particular accomplishment, or notable positive behavior, would merit increasing reward. Exhibit V-p provides a graphic representation of a graduated response model. The bolder line for incentives corresponds to the greater emphasis that should be placed on giving positive responses. A cogent, well-designed system of responses can influence the level of cooperation or resistance presented by the offender. Taxman, Soule, and Gelb (1999) examined several research projects to identify the features necessary to a graduated sanctions model. Those features can be applied as well to graduated incentives and are: • Certainty: Respond to every infraction or compliance. • Celerity: Respond swiftly. Sanctions or incentives are most effective if they closely follow the behavior being disapproved of or rewarded. • Consistency: Respond to similar infractions or levels of compliance with similar responses. • Parsimony: Respond at the least level that is likely to produce the desired result. • Proportionality: The level of response should equal the level of the offense or compliance. • Progressiveness: Continued noncompliance results in increasingly severe responses and continuing compliance merits increasing rewards. • Neutrality: Responses are an objective, impartial reaction to an offense or compliance. 83
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Underage Drinking Intervention Prin
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Table of Contents, continued SECTIO
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Only in recent years has our societ
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section illustrates ways these prin
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• Research shows that the use of
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Other Health Problems Alcohol poiso
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Social and Emotional Consequences o
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SECTION II LEGAL ISSUES RELATED TO
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others, the right to freedom of spe
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Besides the two types of federal co
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SECTION III ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIP
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Preventing the onset of alcohol use
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the available resources in various
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Principle 6: Community corrections
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SECTION IV: CONTEXT FOR RESPONDING
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Exhibit IV-a Decisions in Underage
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Standards of Evidence-Based Practic
Page 36 and 37: SECTION V PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR R
Page 38 and 39: Jack and Jill are both detained by
Page 40 and 41: Exhibit V-c ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS I
Page 42 and 43: Additional screening instruments th
Page 44 and 45: There are myriad risk and needs ass
Page 46 and 47: Exhibit V-f Community Assessment Te
Page 48 and 49: Exhibit V-g Search Institute’s Fr
Page 50 and 51: Assessment What did you think your
Page 52 and 53: Exhibit V-i Risk Factors for Adoles
Page 54 and 55: Practice Guideline 5 Determine the
Page 56 and 57: Individual-Level Interventions Once
Page 58 and 59: Justice Institute, 2004). Cognitive
Page 60 and 61: Colleges and universities have a na
Page 62 and 63: develop social, academic, and vocat
Page 64 and 65: Case Study Jack Sample Case Plan Th
Page 66 and 67: Short-term goal 1: Begin outpatient
Page 68 and 69: Exhibit V-l Stages of Change Indica
Page 70 and 71: People are more likely to thrive an
Page 72 and 73: Exhibit V-m Elements of Effective A
Page 74 and 75: • Presence and severity of psycho
Page 76 and 77: Comprehensive, Integrated Treatment
Page 78 and 79: Because their reasons for using and
Page 80 and 81: The basic reality is that family me
Page 82 and 83: Probation officers, diversion staff
Page 84 and 85: Community corrections staff should
Page 88 and 89: Exhibit V-p Sanctions for Noncompli
Page 90 and 91: CONCLUSION In moving away from a on
Page 92 and 93: REFERENCES ACT for Youth (Upstate C
Page 94 and 95: Engs R. C., Diebold, B. A., & Hanse
Page 96 and 97: Mullins, T. G., & Toner, C. (2008).
Page 98 and 99: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Page 100 and 101: • Encouraging the state governmen
Page 102 and 103: parking, destruction of property, a
Page 104 and 105: Underage drinking is intertwined wi
Page 106 and 107: Left Hemisphere Exhibit 3 Brain Str
Page 108 and 109: Source: http://www.mindcreators.com
Page 110 and 111: different neurons might be connecte
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