The Somali community in the UK: What we know and how we ... - ICAR

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The Somali community in the UK What we know and how we know it is published by The Information Centre about Asylum and Refugees in the UK (ICAR) International Policy Institute King’s College London A project funded by a respected anonymous donor to whom we are extremely grateful First published June 2004 ISBN 0 9547024 4 1 Copyright © King’s College London 2004 King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom Contact details for ICAR t: 020 7848 2103 e: icar@kcl.ac.uk www.icar.org.uk ICAR is an independent information centre that exists to promote understanding of asylum and refugees in the UK context and to encourage information-based debate and policy making. The copyright of this publication is owned by King’s College London. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone and do not in any way represent the views of the donor or King’s College London. 2 The Somali community in the UK
Table of contents Foreword 4 Introduction 6 The Somali community in the UK 6 Plan of the report 8 Part I: The invisible community? How we know what we know about Somalis in the UK 10 Sources of information about Somalis in the UK 10 The focus of research 11 The quantity of Somali research 12 The significance of type of research for knowledge about Somalis in the UK 13 The search for the ‘Somali voice’ 14 Somalis as researchers 15 Methodological problems 16 Part II: The Somali diaspora in the United Kingdom 18 Map of Somalia 18 Historical background 18 The regime of Siad Barre 1969-1990 19 Continued conflict: 1990-2003 20 Migration of Somalis to the United Kingdom 22 Stages of settlement 22 Entry into the UK 25 Somali asylum claims in the UK 25 Determination of Somali asylum applications 25 Decisions on Somali asylum applications and rates of refusal 28 Exceptional leave to remain (ELR), humanitarian protection (HP), and discretionary leave (DL) 28 Refusal of Somali asylum applications 28 Non-compliance 29 ‘Third country’ cases 29 Appeals 29 Return of failed asylum seekers 30 Detention 30 Resettlement 30 Family reunion 30 Concluding remarks 31 Number of Somalis in the UK 32 Employment 39 Education 43 Youth 48 Cultural conflict 50 Health 53 Mental health 54 Khat 58 Women and gender roles 59 Gender roles - conflict and change 62 Female genital mutilation (FGM) 65 Self-help and fragmentation: RCOs and the politics of clan 66 Conclusion 71 Publications 72 Somali diaspora in the UK 72 Audio-visual 78 Tables and figures Table A: Classification of sources 11 Table B: Subject matter of reports 11 Figure A: Asylum applications received from Somali nationals, 1998-2003 25 Figure B: Number of initial decisions on Somali asylum applications, 1988-2003 27 Figure C: Initial decisions on Somali asylum applications, 1988-2003 27 Table C: Snapshot of Somali detainees 30 Table D: Ten largest Somali refugee populations at end of 2002 31 Table E: Grants of settlement to Somalis 32 Table F: Estimates of Somali population in the UK 33 Table G: Estimates of Somali population in London 34 Figure D: Map of London boroughs 34 Table H: Estimates of Somali population in London boroughs 35 Table I: Estimates of Somali population in provincial cities 38 Table J: Achievement of Somali pupils in Camden schools 44 The Somali community in the UK 3
Page 1: The Somali community in the UK What
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Page 7 and 8: esponse to this charge is that the
Page 9 and 10: topics selected are those which Som
Page 11 and 12: Table A: Classification of sources
Page 13 and 14: since the late 1980s have come main
Page 15 and 16: Somali diaspora (2000) includes enc
Page 17 and 18: of accurate numerical data. This is
Page 19 and 20: A she-camel is a mother To him who
Page 21 and 22: - religious leaders, clan elders, i
Page 23 and 24: These men tended to form a separate
Page 25 and 26: Entry into the UK 8000 Figure A: As
Page 27 and 28: Figure B: Number of initial decisio
Page 29 and 30: Non-compliance Asylum applications
Page 31 and 32: (usually Addis Ababa or Nairobi). H
Page 33 and 34: Table F: Estimates of Somali popula
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Page 37 and 38: The unreliability of statistics is
Page 39 and 40: London, Liverpool, and Manchester.
Page 41 and 42: industries. But here, too, even giv
Page 43 and 44: own community, potential workers si
Page 45 and 46: Youngster’s [sic] are behind in e
Page 47 and 48: Attitudes to girls’ education by
Page 49 and 50: It is the family that she identifie
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Health Despite the importance of th
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colleagues, in a study of Somali me
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I have been here since 1983 and the
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social parameters” is detrimental
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such as those listed in the documen
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autonomous control, divorce is not
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together [of] their birth and their
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purposes. The same might be said of
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Although operating in a very differ
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Conclusion Despite the seeming diff
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Buxton, C. (n.d.), Somali children
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women, Diverse Heritage Trust Ltd #
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Smyth, K. and Mohamed, A. (1997), R
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The Somali community in the UK 79
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