The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage - Noel's ESL ...

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tyro or tiro first this word referred to any kind of wheel covering, and could mean the metal rim on a cartwheel. Later they were made of wood or cork. The use of rubber was a byproduct of nineteenth century colonialism, and the first inflatable rubber tyre was patented in 1890. All through this time, the word could be spelled either tire or tyre, and the spelling tire was endorsed by the Oxford Dictionary, and by Fowler in the 1920s. However the spelling tyre was the one used in the patent, and subsequently taken up in Britain as the twentieth century evolved. It has no etymological justification, but appeals to those who prefer that homophones should not be homographs as well. The grammar of the two words serves to keep them apart however, and Americans do without tyre, at no obvious cost to their industrial development. tyro or tiro See tiro. 820
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The Cambridge Guide to Australian E
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Contents Preface to The Cambridge G
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Preface to The Cambridge Australian
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Preface to the First Edition option
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Foreword to the First Edition The
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Overview of Contents and How to Acc
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A @ The “at sign” is a new recr
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As the list shows, the form an- occ
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abbreviations à la carte method co
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abbreviations Option (c). According
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Aboriginal or Aborigine ablative Th
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absolute use—Pintupi or Bindubi
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accommodate English spelling does w
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acronyms acknowledgement or acknowl
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ad lib Webster’s English Usage (1
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adjectives words: see further under
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adjectives 2 Comparison of adjectiv
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adverbs (hedge words/downtoners) fa
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ae/e With -ise spellings prevailing
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-age surviving and remains producti
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aging or ageing (= familiar), and o
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agreement either neither none no-on
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Note that a few collective nouns al
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alias Some of the earliest examples
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alphabets Letter by letter Word by
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aluminium or aluminum and Hyde. For
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America Inevitably perhaps the word
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americanisation During the nineteen
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preferred by the Australian Oxford
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-ance/-ence analogue or analog The
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and/or and The word and is the comm
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antipodes to refer to the region ar
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apostrophe All pairs of antonyms ha
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apostrophes they end in an s or not
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apposition The “Apostrophe Man”
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arch-/archa-/archae-/arche-/archian
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armor or armour Argentinean serve a
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artifact or artefact The prime func
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Asian or Asiatic conservatory depos
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asterisk bodies. But life insurance
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-ation All those have Latin stems.
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audiovisual and electronic media ca
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augur or auger —Australian Copyri
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Australian English commented on, fo
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auxiliary verbs names Australian Fo
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axis To these may be added a number
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B bacillus For the plural of this w
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ail or bale In more formal contexts
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athe or bath Fowler about matters o
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edevil The most essential role of b
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ête noire is a single species of h
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iannual or biennial Some grammarian
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ibliographies —MacLagan, M. and G
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illion the zero plural or the regul
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lond or blonde blanch or blench Bot
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orn or borne bon vivant or bon vive
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ackets one has to allow a plus or m
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each, breech or broach Note the abs
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British English may be offensive. I
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urst bureau For the plural of this
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y, by-, bye- and bye of the ordinar
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C c. or ca. See under circa. -c/-ck
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calendar or calender Caesars, or to
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Canadian English The most frequent
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canvas or canvass of the rod is the
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capital letters In English there’
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capital letters Boxing Day Melbourn
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cappuccino Note that some kinds of
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cases carcass or carcase For many p
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catenatives cataclysm catalepsy cat
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-ce/-ge 2 Calk is the primary spell
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Celtic or Keltic This helps to expl
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ceremonial or ceremonious centum, m
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chalky or chalkie Others feel that
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chevron soldier of Napoleon I whose
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chiseled or chiselled dialect, but
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civil or civic circa This prefix me
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clauses clauses The clause is the b
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cleft sentences She would succeed b
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climax The advice of Spike Milligan
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cocotte or coquette bookie cozzie f
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coherence or cohesion, coherent or
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collocation and collocations Collec
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Colombia or Columbia to detail some
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comma A comma following after will
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common or mutual Yet commentate is
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competence or competency rather tha
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compos mentis apply it to any item
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comprise or composed of comprehensi
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conjugations The abbreviation condo
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conjunctions and conjuncts 2 The su
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consist of or consist in The exampl
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continuance, continuation or contin
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contractions Manual of Style (2003)
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corps, corpse or corpus The complem
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could or might referred to in Ameri
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countercertain intervals. And couns
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credulity or credibility Having sai
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crueler or crueller, cruelest or cr
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cupfuls or cupsful cui bono This ra
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cyclone, hurricane, tornado, typhoo
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Czechoslovakia czarina tsarina (ter
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dangling participles Technically th
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dashes length of an m, and the shor
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dates Use of the cardinal 11 rather
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dative Two other secular systems of
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de mortuis many people it’s the d
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declarative d.s.p. It confirms the
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deduction One of the best known for
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delusion or illusion deixis Borrowe
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deposit dependence or dependency Wh
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despatch or dispatch descriptive or
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diadevil’s advocate This phrase i
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dieresis for example, Australians s
Page 472:
dike or dyke of ACE. This is in kee
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direct speech seem pretentious for
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discourse markers individuals with
Page 484:
dispassionate the loss of civil or
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distract or detract dissimilate or
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dolce vita Ditto marks were origina
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doubling of final consonant Only on
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draft or draught examples of the co
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dwelt or dwelled d.t.’s or DT’s
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E -e The letter e is the most hard-
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-eable Other spelling conventions o
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-eau side of a building, and wildfl
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different perspectives are not alwa
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-eer and English. Many of the words
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elder or older The punctuation befo
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ellipsis which is mournful or conte
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else sentences, and four dots (coun
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emigrant, émigré or expatriate
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is of course gender-free, as in man
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English or Englishes enameled or en
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enormity or enormousness tendency t
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epiensure or insure See insure. ent
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equable or equitable Note that epon
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-er/-or *attester or attestor attra
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escapee or escaper Wax melts under
Page 572:
-ess especially or specially See sp
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etc. This abbreviation is usually w
Page 580:
Undergraduette had some vogue in Br
Page 584:
even quid becomes a sausage short o
Page 588:
ex offico evoke or invoke There are
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exclamation marks exceptional or ex
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expediency or expedience What a way
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eyrie or aerie The extra of common
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factious, factitious or fractious B
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fallacies to a few fixed collocatio
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father-in-law c) damning the origin
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female or feminine government, the
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fetus or foetus it meant “stinkin
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figures of speech in print than the
Page 628:
finite verbs from being an adjectiv
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Fitzat the Right Time (1985). There
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flash language flamingo For the plu
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flora and fauna the Macquarie Dicti
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folk etymology flutist or flautist
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force de frappe for While this is o
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former and latter foreign names For
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forms of address Dame for women wh
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-free four-letter words This is a c
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fulcrum In Australia the only term
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furor or furore giving people’s i
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e going to be to be about to be on
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garrote, garrotte or garotte link b
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gender it’s potentially a comment
Page 684:
genteelism Note however that a geni
Page 688:
geographical names 2 Abbreviating g
Page 692:
gerunds and gerundives The first wa
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at large. But for Americans and som
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Note that jive with is also used wi
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goodbye or goodby unit from Cambria
Page 708:
graffiti should not make too much p
Page 712:
Greek or Grecian “grand prix” f
Page 716:
ground or grounds nineteenth centur
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guesstimate or guestimate In Austra
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H habeas corpus This somewhat obscu
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half-title half-baked half-cocked h
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hapax legomena in research reported
Page 736:
haute or haut harebrained or hairbr
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he and/or she Note that in had have
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heading, headline or header 8 Repea
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hedge words For those with less fle
Page 752:
hemidress) is suggested by the Aust
Page 756:
hi- and highheroin or heroine See u
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hoard or horde Scholars argue that
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homohome page or homepage See homep
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honorable or honorary holy/holey/wh
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hotchpot, hotchpotch or hodgepodge
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human or humane They, however, had
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hypercorrection hydrolyse or hydrol
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hyphens the general practices for h
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hyphens their haute cuisine menu hi
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hyponyms In the names of chemical c
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I I When can I be used in writing?
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-iana i/y In a handful of English w
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icon or ikon Time has selected one
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-ie/-y In the Oxford Dictionary (19
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-ify/-efy if The ambiguities latent
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imaginary or imaginative illiterate
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imperial weights and measures imper
Page 824:
impractical or impracticable may or
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in medias res -in/-ine See -ine/-in
Page 832:
indents those examples, it’s ofte
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indenture or indention See under in
Page 840:
indirect question their name to Col
Page 844:
-ine/-in indubitably or undoubtedly
Page 848:
infinitives Australian and American
Page 852:
informal style inflections are the
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-ing Both phrases and subordinate c
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inquiry or enquiry, inquire or enqu
Page 864:
institute or institution counterpar
Page 868:
inter- The use of the two spellings
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international English discourse. Th
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interrobang The interpersonal aspec
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interstate differences Both can be
Page 884:
inversion Yet engaging the reader
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-ious -ious Three large groups of E
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irregular verbs 3 Ulster Scots, the
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irregular verbs 7 a) Those with a d
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-ise/-ize standard in federal gover
Page 904:
Israel -ism This suffix has come to
Page 908:
Italian plurals -istic/-istical Adj
Page 912:
italics in the number of accents, a
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its or it’s In common usage -ite
Page 920:
-ize/-ise Adjectives ending in -ive
Page 924:
jargon But jail is the much more ra
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jillaroo or jilleroo Jew and Jewish
Page 932:
judgement or judgment newspapers, b
Page 936:
just and justly ordinary citizen, o
Page 940:
ketchup, catsup or catchup Note tha
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knickknack or nicknack kind of In p
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kumquat or cumquat Aboriginal langu
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laden or loaded funnel gambol grave
Page 956:
language surveys older generation.
Page 960:
Latin abbreviations precision, and
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on) tend to keep their Latin plural
Page 968:
Left draw readers to the right line
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lesbian lend or loan These are some
Page 976:
letter writing Let’s pray for rai
Page 980:
licence or license If A sues B for
Page 984:
lighted or lit In the past tense, i
Page 988:
likeoras Apart from the overall reg
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liquidate or liquidise liney or lin
Page 996:
lists Australia’s major newspaper
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loc. cit. But while literati, borro
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lower case Loud is also established
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-lyse/-lyze -ly This ending serves
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macro- 2 Indexing names with Mac an
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majority loanwords, the Oxford Dict
Page 1020:
man malevolent, malicious, malignan
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-mania We might also ask whether th
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marijuana or marihuana A manikin is
Page 1032:
maunder or meander masculine gender
Page 1036:
Maybe is an adverb meaning “perha
Page 1040:
mediocre His ultimate means of gain
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melted or molten come up with and w
Page 1048:
meronymy humdrum business of runnin
Page 1052:
metonymy The boss entered them for
Page 1056:
metrication and the metric system i
Page 1060:
micro- Other points to note are: a)
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millennium, millenarian or millenar
Page 1068:
miniscule as well as less tangible
Page 1072:
miscellanea Dictionaries have no qu
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modality and modal verbs mixed meta
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momentous or momentary adverbs expr
Page 1084:
mood monoxide, monosodium or for br
Page 1088:
mortise or mortice morphology and m
Page 1092:
moustache, mustache or mustachio En
Page 1096:
Murri mucus or mucous The distincti
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mythical or mythological use of min
Page 1104:
names 1 Order. In western culture a
Page 1108:
nauseous or nauseated narrative An
Page 1112:
need or between dependence and depe
Page 1116:
neighbor or neighbour When formulat
Page 1120:
neo- John isn’t ready to leave, n
Page 1124:
New Zealand English In earlier usag
Page 1128:
no one the distinction drawn by mos
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nominative nominal In grammar nomin
Page 1136:
nonfinite clauses more literal in m
Page 1140:
nor or or disadvantage women genera
Page 1144:
not only...but also geographical te
Page 1148:
nouns absence of intonation to show
Page 1152:
number of chance, the null hypothes
Page 1156:
numbers and number style 15 069.01
Page 1160:
Nyungar, Noongar or Nyoongah for. W
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oasis The group of words ending in
Page 1168:
obliged or obligated She sent a tel
Page 1172:
octoroon or octaroon reverse is the
Page 1176:
official or officious spelling (see
Page 1180:
Olympian or Olympic vowel to sugges
Page 1184:
one of one This word has several ro
Page 1188:
onto or on to seem to express the s
Page 1192:
opposite of or to comedy. Both deal
Page 1196:
or You could go on either Tuesday o
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Order of Australia Yet the reasons
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other than and otherwise towards th
Page 1208:
-ous which can be used as a substit
Page 1212:
oxymoron or it can be used in the s
Page 1216:
P -p/-pp- Words ending in p general
Page 1220:
palindrome recognisable without it.
Page 1224:
paradigm Note that before a word be
Page 1228:
paragraphs almost twice that of Mel
Page 1232:
parasitic or parasitical The need f
Page 1236:
participles I love a sunburnt count
Page 1240:
passim to their roles in sentences.
Page 1244:
pasta, paste, pastry, pasty, pâté
Page 1248:
peewee or peewit particular variety
Page 1252:
per procurationem per annum means
Page 1256:
perma- Note also the use of percent
Page 1260:
first person second person third pe
Page 1264:
persuasion Note that the use of his
Page 1268:
phenomenon and phenomena The phalan
Page 1272:
phonesthemes Anglophobia and Judoph
Page 1276:
pica Phrasal verbs are informal and
Page 1280:
placenta French, though it’s ulti
Page 1284:
plaintiff or plaintive simple, ever
Page 1288:
pleonasm wide currency, whether it
Page 1292:
plurals c) Three distinctive words
Page 1296:
polarity “informal”. Webster’
Page 1300:
polysemy poly- This prefix meaning
Page 1304:
postpossessive pronouns In traditio
Page 1308:
practice or practise overtones are
Page 1312:
predicate For the difference in the
Page 1316:
preface As those examples show, the
Page 1320:
premier or premiere prelims In publ
Page 1324:
prepositions English also has a num
Page 1328:
presume or assume present tense In
Page 1332:
prima facie and nonfiction, except
Page 1336:
pro- and pro and laughed (past), be
Page 1340:
proofreading Note that when program
Page 1344:
proprietary or propriety This usage
Page 1348:
proto- The fact that people nowaday
Page 1352:
pseudo-cleft the conventions of mod
Page 1356:
puns intonation of living speech. H
Page 1360:
pyjamas or pajamas Note that when i
Page 1364:
quandary or quandry Qua is useful s
Page 1368:
question marks quay This spelling s
Page 1372:
quid pro quo The show can go on? Th
Page 1376:
quotation marks speaker/writer has
Page 1380:
quotation marks The use of double q
Page 1384:
quotations dialogue, because it can
Page 1388:
R r or wr Do you ever (w)rack your
Page 1392:
apt, wrapt or wrapped American or c
Page 1396:
eratio decidendi See under obiter d
Page 1400:
ebound, redound or resound The Inte
Page 1404:
edundancy Reduced forms of words an
Page 1408:
eferencing substantial comment by t
Page 1412:
eflection or reflexion See under -c
Page 1416:
elative clauses reindeer The plural
Page 1420:
elative pronouns To discover why he
Page 1424:
epertoire or repertory The seventee
Page 1428:
eports present it as the more neutr
Page 1432:
espectfully or respectively supplie
Page 1436:
everent or reverential Note that re
Page 1440:
hythm seeming irrelevance to what
Page 1444:
ight or rightly is right for the sp
Page 1448:
oman à clef prospecting for diamon
Page 1452:
Royal or royal Formed out of the En
Page 1456:
arely neutral, and can be either po
Page 1460:
S S The letter s was the last to ac
Page 1464:
Saint or St spellings with a hyphen
Page 1468:
same However Fowler (1926) noted th
Page 1472:
scallop or scollop excess more ofte
Page 1476:
scientific names Schwa is the commo
Page 1480:
semantics or semiotics is a neutral
Page 1484:
sensuous or sensual 2 The semicolon
Page 1488:
sept- In the city? Yes, the cinema
Page 1492:
sew sergeant or serjeant In Austral
Page 1496:
shall or will the intention that so
Page 1500:
sheriff or sherif The result of suc
Page 1504:
should or would Thus shined is gain
Page 1508:
shrink In some conventional express
Page 1512:
simile Caruso. In direct address to
Page 1516:
sink single for double In the writi
Page 1520:
slash and backslash documents (Goog
Page 1524:
snorkel or schnorkel set words off
Page 1528:
solecism (2002) it’s accepted as
Page 1532:
sometimes or sometime solidi, denar
Page 1536:
-speak from Queensland and the Nort
Page 1540:
spelling, rules and reform a train,
Page 1544:
spill 4 Spelling reform. Because En
Page 1548:
square brackets A single-word adver
Page 1552:
standard English under -s); but fro
Page 1556:
stationary or stationery second a g
Page 1560:
stimulus and stimulant step or step
Page 1564:
street Straitened and straightened
Page 1568:
style strived, strove and striven T
Page 1572:
subject subdean subeditor sublieute
Page 1576:
substantial or substantive But this
Page 1580:
suffixes something of an overkill i
Page 1584:
superin nontechnical uses of the wo
Page 1588:
surveil or surveille suppose or sup
Page 1592:
swell swam or swum See swim. swap o
Page 1596:
sync or synch a poem or the narrati
Page 1600:
systematic or systemic order of wor
Page 1604:
tables should be) designed to be re
Page 1608:
technical or technological Tassie o
Page 1612:
tenses to be found for the original
Page 1616:
mainland, as contrasted with offsho
Page 1620:
thank you and thanks To settle the
Page 1624:
We were exhausted enough that we di
Page 1628: there Themself was in fact standard
Page 1632: Third World conjunction, it’s not
Page 1636: thrash and thresh though or althoug
Page 1640: tight or tightly kiss, French lette
Page 1644: titles Standard); and Western Austr
Page 1648: toboggan or sled 4 Titles of newspa
Page 1652: topic The word tonnage relates to t
Page 1656: town names any risk of misunderstan
Page 1660: trans- The point at which a word mo
Page 1664: transient or transitory The convers
Page 1668: 3 Copular verbs also challenge the
Page 1672: troop or troupe, trooper or trouper
Page 1676: tyre or tire liquid with particles
Page 1682: U-ey or U-ie social dialects are no
Page 1686: umlaut Some words ending in -um alw
Page 1690: understatement that underlay involv
Page 1694: unlike The positive equivalents to
Page 1698: USA or US 3 An even smaller group o
Page 1702: utilise or use Yet for some writers
Page 1706: vacuum emptiness to absence of mind
Page 1710: variety in writing variety in writi
Page 1714: verbal a noun phrase which is the s
Page 1718: vertebrae italics, along with the n
Page 1722: Vietnam z is the printer’s equiva
Page 1726: vocal chords or vocal cords sentenc
Page 1730:
vs. or v. vs. orv. See under versus
Page 1734:
wait on or wait for wait on or wait
Page 1738:
warden or warder common practice is
Page 1742:
-ways or -wise in everyday communic
Page 1746:
welsh or welch with better/best w
Page 1750:
whatever or what ever it’s the on
Page 1754:
while or whilst Which is your car?
Page 1758:
who and whose who and whose Who wor
Page 1762:
Whorfian principle Within the Austr
Page 1766:
wisteria or wistaria These -wise wo
Page 1770:
woomera or womera the spelling wool
Page 1774:
World War such as cash register do
Page 1778:
wrung, wrang or wringed Wrongly onl
Page 1782:
Xian Xian See under China. -xic or
Page 1786:
-y>-ibon(e)y cag(e)y chanc(e)y cliq
Page 1790:
Yankee exudes from them, used as an
Page 1794:
Yogyakarta the citations, and does
Page 1798:
yuk and yukky yuk and yukky See und
Page 1802:
zero conjunction Where there is a c
Page 1808:
Appendix I International Phonetic A
Page 1812:
Appendixes Days of the week S 1 8 1
Page 1816:
Appendix IV International System of
Page 1820:
891
Page 1824:
Appendixes Imperial unit Symbol Con
Page 1828:
Appendixes Change to bold words to
Page 1832:
Appendixes 2 A more personal letter
Page 1836:
Appendix IX Formats for Email Email
Page 1840:
Federation of Australia 1900 World
Page 1846:
References Cambridge encyclopedia o
Page 1850:
References Peters, P. H. (1993a) Co
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