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The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage - Noel's ESL ...

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ibex<br />

Baconiana: certain genuine remains of Sir Francis Bacon, arguments civil and<br />

moral ...<br />

Nowadays the suffix is usually unders<strong>to</strong>od <strong>to</strong> mean publications about a particular<br />

author or culture, and is extended <strong>to</strong> cover archival material and even antique<br />

objects.<br />

ibex For the plural of this word, see under -x.<br />

ibid. This referencing device is an abbreviated form of the Latin ibidem meaning<br />

“in the same place”. Used in follow-up references <strong>to</strong> a particular book, chapter or<br />

page, it directs readers <strong>to</strong> the same source or place as was mentioned in the preceding<br />

reference. It substitutes for the author’s name, the title of the book or article, and<br />

as much of what follows as would be identical. For example:<br />

1 Hardy, C. “A family line” <strong>Australian</strong> Journal of Genealogy 3 (1952), p. 85<br />

2 ibid. p. 92<br />

<strong>The</strong> reference with ibid. must come immediately after the full one: if not the followup<br />

reference must repeat the author’s name or an abbreviated title. (See further<br />

under referencing.) Ibid. could once appear in the main body of text, but its use<br />

has steadily declined and is nowadays confined <strong>to</strong> footnotes and endnotes.<br />

-ibility or -ability See -ability.<br />

-ible See under -able/ -ible.<br />

-ic/-ical Quite a number of <strong>English</strong> adjectives appear in two forms, for example:<br />

analytic/analytical<br />

arithmetic/arithmetical<br />

astronomic/astronomical<br />

egotistic/egotistical<br />

fanatic/fanatical<br />

ironic/ironical<br />

magic/magical<br />

monarchic/monarchical<br />

mystic/mystical<br />

obstetric/obstetrical<br />

parasitic/parasitical<br />

philosophic/philosophical<br />

poetic/poetical<br />

problematic/problematical<br />

psychic/psychical<br />

rhythmic/rhythmical<br />

Is there any reason for preferring one over the other?<br />

<strong>The</strong> short answer is no: many pairs do not differ significantly in meaning. But<br />

there are shades of difference in some, such as comic(al), electric(al) and lyric(al),<br />

discussed under their respective headings. Typically the -ic spelling corresponds<br />

more closely <strong>to</strong> the core meaning of the stem, while the meaning of the -ical spelling<br />

is rather generalised. In yet others such as economic(al), his<strong>to</strong>ric(al) and politic(al),<br />

the meanings diverge considerably (see individual headwords).<br />

In past centuries (from the fifteenth <strong>to</strong> the seventeenth) there were many more<br />

such pairs derived from classical sources:<br />

grammatic(al) identic(al) organic(al) tragic(al)<br />

382

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