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The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage - Noel's ESL ...

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B<br />

bacillus For the plural of this word, see under -us section 1.<br />

back- This is a formative element in quite a few <strong>English</strong> compound words:<br />

backbench background backhand backlash backlog backslider backstroke<br />

backwash backwater<br />

Back- serves <strong>to</strong> indicate location or direction, and like other adverbs and particles<br />

it is normally set solid with the word it’s prefixed <strong>to</strong>. (See hyphens section 2b.)<br />

As the examples above show, it normally combines with ordinary <strong>English</strong> stems,<br />

whereas retro-, its classical equivalent, combines with scholarly words from Latin<br />

and Greek: see further under retro-.<br />

back matter See endmatter.<br />

back of This collocation has wider currency in Australia than in Britain, in fixed<br />

expressions like back of beyond, back of Bourke, back o’ Cairns and back o’ the<br />

sunset, as well as in ones made up freely:<br />

back of Mudgee back of Holland’s property back of the silos back of the<br />

irrigation channel<br />

It means “beyond” rather than strictly “behind”.<br />

Note that the expression in back of meaning “behind” is still American rather<br />

than <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>English</strong>, and does not mean “in the back of”. For Americans in<br />

back of the shop means “outside and behind the shop”. In fact their use of in back<br />

of complements in front of, in exactly the way we use it. But because in back of may<br />

be misunders<strong>to</strong>od in Australia, we need <strong>to</strong> replace it with behind or in the back of<br />

as appropriate.<br />

backformation New words are most often developed from smaller, simple<br />

words, as rattler is from rattle and assassination from assassin. Just occasionally<br />

words (especially verbs) are formed in the opposite way, distilled out of pre-existing<br />

words which are construed as complex ones (see further under complex words). So<br />

burgle is from burglar, surveil from surveillance, and electrocute from electrocution.<br />

Some other verbs derived in this way are:<br />

donate edit enthuse laze liaise reminisce resurrect scavenge s<strong>to</strong>ke<br />

swindle televise<br />

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