more direct model<strong>in</strong>g of human diseases, demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g more extensively the utility of Drosophila for MOA studies, genetic screens aga<strong>in</strong>st phenotypes generated by drug treatment and compound screens. Further technological development is also necessary, especially <strong>in</strong> the areas of high-throughput biology. However, the utility of Drosophila <strong>in</strong> drug discovery is now firmly established and what rema<strong>in</strong>s to be determ<strong>in</strong>ed is how much more this remarkably robust model system can provide for the drug discovery process. 4.4 Acknowledgments We would like to thank R. Fernandez and M. Konsolaki for critical review of the manuscript and Q. Wang and X. Shi for technical help <strong>in</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g automated fly sort<strong>in</strong>g and dispens<strong>in</strong>g methods. 4.5 References REFERENCES 111 Abarca, C., Albrecht, U. and Spanagel, R. (2002). Coca<strong>in</strong>e sensitization and reward are under the <strong>in</strong>fluence of circadian genes and rhythm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9026–9030. Affolter, M., Schier, A. and Gehr<strong>in</strong>g, W. J. (1990). Homeodoma<strong>in</strong> prote<strong>in</strong>s and the regulation of gene expression. Curr. Op<strong>in</strong>. Cell. Biol. 2, 485–495. Andretic, R., Chaney, S. and Hirsh, J. (1999). Requirement of circadian genes for coca<strong>in</strong>e sensitization <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. Science 285, 1066–1068. Ashburner, M. (1989). Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook and Manual (2 Vols). Cold Spr<strong>in</strong>g Harbor, New York: Cold Spr<strong>in</strong>g Harbor Laboratory Press. Ashburner, M. and Novitski, E. (1976). The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. London: Academic Press. Bate, M. and Mart<strong>in</strong>ez Arias, A. (1993). The Development of Drosophila melanogaster. Pla<strong>in</strong>view, New York: Cold Spr<strong>in</strong>g Harbor Laboratory Press. Beerli, R. R. and Barbas, C. F., III (2002). Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g polydactyl z<strong>in</strong>c-f<strong>in</strong>ger transcription factors. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 135–141. Bibikova, M., Carroll, D., Segal, D. J., Trautman, J. K., Smith, J., Kim, Y. G. and Chandrasegaran, S. (2001). Stimulation of homologous recomb<strong>in</strong>ation through targeted cleavage by chimeric nucleases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 289–297. Bibikova, M., Golic, M., Golic, K. G. and Carroll, D. (2002). Targeted chromosomal cleavage and mutagenesis <strong>in</strong> Drosophila us<strong>in</strong>g z<strong>in</strong>c-f<strong>in</strong>ger nucleases. Genetics 161, 1169– 1175. Brand, A. H. and Perrimon, N. (1993). Targeted gene expression as a means of alter<strong>in</strong>g cell fates and generat<strong>in</strong>g dom<strong>in</strong>ant phenotypes. Development 118, 401–415. Bre<strong>in</strong>bauer, R., Vetter, I. R. and Waldmann, H. (2002). From prote<strong>in</strong> doma<strong>in</strong>s to drug candidates – natural products as guid<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>in</strong> the design and synthesis of compound libraries. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 41, 2879–2890. Brltton, J. S. and Edgar, B. A. (1998). Environmental control of the cell cycle <strong>in</strong> Drosophila: nutrition activates mitotic and endoreplicative cells by dist<strong>in</strong>ct mechanisms. Development 125, 2149–2158.
112 DROSOPHILA AS A TOOL FOR DRUG DISCOVERY Buszczak, M. H., Mor<strong>in</strong>, X., Qu<strong>in</strong>ones, A. T., Chia, U. and Cooley, L. (2002). High throughput prote<strong>in</strong> trapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. Dros. Res. Conf. Proc. 43, 982A. Calleja, M., Moreno, E., Pelaz, S. and Morata, G. (1996). Visualization of gene expression <strong>in</strong> liv<strong>in</strong>g adult Drosophila. Science 274, 252–255. Cherbas, L. and Cherbas, P. (1998). Cell culture. In Drosophila. A Practical Approach, D.D.Roberts (ed.), pp. xx, 398. Oxford: IRL Press. Chien, S., Reiter, L. T., Bier, E. and Gribskov, M. (2002). Homophila: human disease gene cognates <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 149–151. Clemens, J. C., Worby, C. A., Simonson-Leff, N., Muda, M., Maehama, T., Hemm<strong>in</strong>gs, B. A. and Dixon, J. E. (2000). Use of double-stranded RNA <strong>in</strong>terference <strong>in</strong> Drosophila cell l<strong>in</strong>es to dissect signal transduction pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6499–6503. Crews, C. M. and Splittgerber, U. (1999). Chemical genetics: explor<strong>in</strong>g and controll<strong>in</strong>g cellular processes with chemical probes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 317–320. Demerec, M. (1994). Biology of Drosophila (Facsimile edition). Cold Spr<strong>in</strong>g Harbor, New York: Cold Spr<strong>in</strong>g Harbor Press. Dobrosotskaya, I. Y., Seegmiller, A. C., Brown, M. S., Goldste<strong>in</strong>, J. L. and Rawson, R. B. (2002). Regulation of SREBP process<strong>in</strong>g and membrane lipid production by phospholipids <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. Science 296, 879–883. Drews, J. B. (2000). <strong>Drug</strong> discovery: a historical perspective. Science 287, 1960–1964. Duffy, J. B. (2002). GAL4 system <strong>in</strong> Drosophila: a fly geneticist’s Swiss army knife. Genesis 34, 1–15. Duffy, J. B., Harrison, D. A. and Perrimon, N. (1998). Identify<strong>in</strong>g loci required for follicular pattern<strong>in</strong>g us<strong>in</strong>g directed mosaics. Development 125, 2263–2271. Echalier, G. (1997). Drosophila Cells <strong>in</strong> Culture. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. EPA. (1998). OPPTS Harmonized Test Guidel<strong>in</strong>es, Series 870 Health Effects Test Guidel<strong>in</strong>es, 870.5275 Sex-l<strong>in</strong>ked Recessive Lethal Test <strong>in</strong> Drosophila melanogaster (August, 1998). Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Fischer, J. A., G<strong>in</strong>iger, E., Maniatis, T. and Ptashne, M. (1988). GAL4 activates transcription <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. Nature 332, 853–856. Fortier, E. and Belote, J. M. (2000). Temperature-dependent gene silenc<strong>in</strong>g by an expressed <strong>in</strong>verted repeat <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. Genesis 26, 240–244. Fossett, N. and Schulz, R. A. (2001). Functional conservation of hematopoietic factors <strong>in</strong> Drosophila and vertebrates. Differentiation 69, 83–90. Foureman, P., Mason, J. M., Valencia, R. and Zimmer<strong>in</strong>g, S. (1994a). Chemical mutagenesis test<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. IX. Results of 50 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 23, 51–63. Foureman, P., Mason, J. M., Valencia, R. and Zimmer<strong>in</strong>g, S. (1994b). Chemical mutagenesis test<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Drosophila. X. Results of 70 coded chemicals tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 23, 208–227. Furlong, E. E., Andersen, E. C., Null, B., White, M. P. and Scott, M. P. (2001a). Patterns of gene expression dur<strong>in</strong>g Drosophila mesoderm development. Science 293, 1629–1633. Furlong, E. E., Profitt, D. and Scott, H. P. (2001b). Automated sort<strong>in</strong>g of live transgenic embryos. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 153–156. Gilbert, D. G. (2002). euGenes: a eukaryote genome <strong>in</strong>formation system. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 145–148. Gisselbrecht, S. S., Bayes, J., Etch<strong>in</strong>, J., Dell’Orfano, B., Ferrante, A. and Michelson, A. M. (2002). A rapid and efficient approach to vital enhancer trap screen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Drosophila embryos. Dros. Res. Conf. Proc. 43, 143.
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Model Organisms in Drug Discovery M
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Copyright u 2003 John Wiley & Sons
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Contents List of contributors .....
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CONTENTS ix 7 Genetics and Genomics
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List of Contributors Hector Beltran
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii Stefan Sc
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1 Introduction to Model Systems in
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Organism INTEGRATING MODEL ORGANISM
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INTEGRATING MODEL ORGANISM RESEARCH
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INTEGRATING MODEL ORGANISM RESEARCH
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10 GROWING YEAST FOR FUN AND PROFIT
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38 GROWING YEAST FOR FUN AND PROFIT
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3 Caenorhabditis elegans Functional
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THE DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS 43 thoug
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multivulva phenotype of Ras gain-of
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disease. These molecular targets ar
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FROM DISEASE TO TARGET 49 Figure 3.
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FROM DISEASE TO TARGET 51 Figure 3.
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signaling pathway. The third catego
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FROM DISEASE TO TARGET 55 resistant
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phenomenon was first observed in C.
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A CASE STUDY FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISE
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A CASE STUDY FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISE
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A CASE STUDY FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISE
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A CASE STUDY FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISE
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NEW CHEMICAL GENETIC STRATEGIES 171
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A CASE STUDY FOR INNATE IMMUNITY 17
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GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION STUDIES IN M
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As described above, the extensive i
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REFERENCES 179 Austin, J. and Kimbl
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REFERENCES 181 Hughes, T. R., Marto
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REFERENCES 183 Sin, N., Meng, L., W
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186 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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188 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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190 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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192 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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194 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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196 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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198 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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200 GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE ZE
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8 Lipid Metabolism and Signaling in
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FISH AS A MODEL ORGANISM 205 genes
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LIPID METABOLISM SCREEN 207 transpo
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LIPID METABOLISM SCREEN 209 Figure
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the embryo media containing radioac
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ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL SYSTEM 213 Fig
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ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL SYSTEM 215 Reg
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aspirin, which has potent inhibitor
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REFERENCES 219 Chau, I. and Cunning
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REFERENCES 221 Patrono, C., Patrign
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224 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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226 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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228 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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230 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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232 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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234 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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236 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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238 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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240 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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242 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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244 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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246 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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248 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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250 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN THE MOU
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252 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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254 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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256 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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258 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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260 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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262 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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264 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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266 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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268 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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270 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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272 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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274 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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276 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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278 SATURATION SCREENING OF DRUGGAB
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280 INDEX bupropion 92 busulfan 143
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282 INDEX Dscam 171 dual-energy X-r
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284 INDEX L-685,818 16 lead discove
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286 INDEX protein function 19-22 pr
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288 INDEX yeast (continued) functio