Fellows <strong>of</strong> the Royal Society who are or were Freemasons, listed alphabetically received his patent at a time when the Province was at a low ebb and he set about his task with enthusiasm, determined to put Freemasonry on a sound foundation’. 219 Francis I Stephen [Stephan], Duke <strong>of</strong> Lorraine [Lothringen] [1729–37], FRS [18 Nov 1731], later Grand Duke <strong>of</strong> Tuscany [Toskana] [1737], then Holy Roman Emperor [1745–65] (8 Dec 1708–18 Aug 1765), son <strong>of</strong> Leopold, Duke <strong>of</strong> Lorraine and Bar, 1690–1729 (1679–1729), and his wife Charlotte, Princess <strong>of</strong> Orléans (16786–1744), dau <strong>of</strong> Philip I, Duke <strong>of</strong> Orléans (1640–1701), and his wife, Charlotte (1652–1722), dau <strong>of</strong> Charles Louis, Elector Palatine. Married, 12 Feb 1736, Maria Theresa, Queen <strong>of</strong> Bohemia and Hungary (1717–1780), eldest living child <strong>of</strong> Charles VI <strong>of</strong> Germany, Archduke <strong>of</strong> Austria, Holy Roman Emperor, 1711–40 (1685–1740). Grand Duke <strong>of</strong> Tuscany, 9 Jul 1729, surrendered it to King Stanislaus, 24 Sep 1736, in exchange for the Grand Dukedom <strong>of</strong> Tuscany, 9 Jul 1738. Elected Emperor <strong>of</strong> Germany, as Francis I, 13 Sep, crowned, 4 Oct 1745. 220 Initiated and passed at The Hague, Netherlands, possibly on 25 Sep 1731 (but probably between 29 Sep and 3 Oct 1731, but the exact date will probably never be known) at an Occasional L., at which The Revd Dr John Theophilus Desaguliers, FRS [qv, above], PGM, PGL, presided, in the presence <strong>of</strong> the Br Ambassador, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4 th Earl <strong>of</strong> Chesterfield, KG (1694–1773), and his younger brother, The Hon John Stanhope (1704–1748), Secretary to Embassy at The Hague (Ld <strong>of</strong> the Admlty, MP for Nottingham 1727–48), who acted as SW, with Johann Holzendorf as JW, on behalf <strong>of</strong> GM, PGL. Raised Nov 1731, at Extraordinary [Anderson calls it Occasional] L., called by Thomas Coke, 1 st and last Baron Lovel <strong>of</strong> Minster Lovel, KB (later [1735] FRS, then [1744] 1 st and last Earl <strong>of</strong> Leicester), GM, PGL, 1731–32 [qv, above], at Sir Robert Walpole’s seat, Houghton Hall, Norfolk, attended by WM and members <strong>of</strong> L. No. 30 at the Maid’s Head, Cook Row, now Magdalen Street, Norwich, 221 along with Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1 st and last Duke <strong>of</strong> Newcastle-upon-Tyne, FRS [qv, below]. Member, 1743, L. Aux Trois Canons [<strong>of</strong> the Three Canons], Vienna, formed that year. 222 Franklin, Benjamin, FRS [29 May 1756] (17 Jan 1706–17 Apr 1790), American statesman, diplomat, scientist, newspaper owner, and printer. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, youngest son and 15 th <strong>of</strong> 17 children <strong>of</strong> Josiah Franklin, who had emigrated from England, whose soap and candle-making business was in Milk Street. His formal education lasted only 2 years, until he was 10, when he stayed at home to help his father, but he was self-taught in geometry, algebra. Logic, grammar, navigation and natural and phusical sciences. He studied French, German, Italian, Spanish and Latin and became one <strong>of</strong> the best-educated men <strong>of</strong> his generation He began his working life, apprenticed to his elder brother, James, at the age <strong>of</strong> 12, as a printer in Philadelphia, where in 1727 he established the future American Philosophical Socy. His many inventions and public improvements included street lighting, a heating stove and the lightning rod. In 1756 he entered on a largely overseas career as the representative <strong>of</strong> the American people in London and then in Paris, where he was Ambassador for the 13 United States. Apart from the RS, he was elected to other learned bodies in Europe. Signatory to both Declaration <strong>of</strong> Independence, <strong>of</strong> which he was instrumental in drafting and USA’s Constitution. He negotiated the Peace Treaty with Great Britain in 1781. Initiated 1731 in the L. at the Tun Tavern, Philadelphia (ceased c.1738), WM 18 months later, for which he produced the earliest American L. By-laws, still in existence. Printed Anderson’s Constitutions <strong>of</strong> 1723 in 1734. GM, Pennsylvania, 1734; ProvGM, Pennsylvania, 1749, under Henry Price and took part in the Dedication <strong>of</strong> FMH, Philadelphia, the first masonic building in America. Both he and his son were present at the meeting <strong>of</strong> what is now L. <strong>of</strong> Antiquity No. 2, held on 17 Nov 1760, and the Minute indicates that the father was ProvGM, and the son ProvGSec, Philadelphia, though the name is spelt Franklyn and neither has his Christian name shown. Visited an Edinburgh L.; 1778, attended Initiation <strong>of</strong> Voltaire in L. Les Neuf Soeurs in Paris; and then joined the L., becoming 2nd WM, 1779. 223 Franks, Naphthali, FRS [8 Mar 1781] (c.1714–31 Aug 1796). Joined 2 London Ls.: 1766, Shakespear L. No. 221, at Castle Tavern, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, now No. 99, resigning 1772 (presumably after having been nominated that year as a [G]Stwd to serve the following year); and 1773, [G]Stwds’ L. No. 60, now unnumbered; [G]Stwd 1773. Frederick William IV, King <strong>of</strong> Prussia, 1840–61, KG, RFRS [20 Jan 1842] (15 Oct 1795–2 Jan 1861), eldest son <strong>of</strong> Frederick William III, King <strong>of</strong> Prussia, KG. Married, 29 Nov 1823, Princess Elisabeth (1801–1873), eldest dau, by his 2 nd wife, <strong>of</strong> Maximilian I (Joseph), King <strong>of</strong> Bavaria 1805–25 (1756–1825), but they had no children. When he died, succeeded by his brother, William I, later KG (1797–1888), as King <strong>of</strong> Prussia, 1861–88, first Emperor <strong>of</strong> Germany, 1871–88. 219 Idem. 220 Stolper, 176–7; Fisher, 51, quoting Gentleman’s Magazine, 1732. 221 L. No. 30 had been constituted 11 May 1724 by Martin Folkes, then DepGM; erased 10 Feb 1809 [Gould, Vol. V, 388, n2 (iii, 388, n2); Lane, 29, 30 (2) & 46]. 222 Lennh<strong>of</strong>f, 92 & 122. This L. was suppressed by Maria Theresa in 1743 [Ibid, 122]. 223 The biography taken, inter alia, from Lennh<strong>of</strong>f, 76, Smyth, 98–9; and Hamill and Gilbert, 232. 46
Fellows <strong>of</strong> the Royal Society who are or were Freemasons, listed alphabetically Apparently a freemason, there being reference to him in the Comprehensive Index to Ars Quatuor Coronatorum as: Frederick William IV (1795–1861) (Friedrich Wilhelm IV) (Hohenzollern); See: Prussia (Germany), a mason. Freeth, Maj Francis Arthur, OBE, DSc, PhD, FRS [7 May 1925], FRIC (2 Jan 1884–15 Jul 1970), industrial chemist. Born in Birkenhead, obtained a 1 st Cl degree in chemistry at the Univ <strong>of</strong> Liverpool and in 1907 joined the chemical company Brunner Mond & Co (later ICI) where he quickly became chief chemist and the world authority on the phase rule concerning the behaviour <strong>of</strong> soluble salts. During the 1914-18 war Freeth and his brother-in-law, H. E. Cocksedge, were able to devise 3 processes to produce ammonimum nitrate in quantity, an essential constituent <strong>of</strong> high explosives which Britain initially lacked the manufacturing capacity to produce. Freeth’s own research and the recruitment <strong>of</strong> others was a major factor in the success <strong>of</strong> Brunner Mond and ICI. Initiated, aged 47, <strong>of</strong> South Kensington, Chemist, 6 Oct 1931, passed 3 May 1932 and raised 4 Oct 1932, in Savage Club L. No. 2190, London, resigning 31 Dec 1969. Fullarton, Col William, MP, FRS [17 Jun 1779] (1754–13 Feb 1808), <strong>of</strong> Berkeley Square, politician and colonial Govr. Born in Ayrshire and studied at Edinburgh Univ before undertaking the Grand Tour. Patron <strong>of</strong> Robert Burns. Raised a regiment from his Scottish estate and became Lt-Col. Fought in India and appointed commissioner to Trinidad in 1802 where he encountered the brutal regime <strong>of</strong> the Govr, Sir Thomas Picton. Fullarton’s reports led to Picton’s resignation, a pamphlet war and subsequent trials, which eventually acquitted Picton. Member, 1788, L. <strong>of</strong> Antiquity No. 1, 224 now No. 2, London, excluded for non-payment, 1791. 224 That portion <strong>of</strong> the L. that adhered to William Preston, Nov. 1778–Nov 1790. 47
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