Sport and Colonialism in 19th Century Australasia - LA84 Foundation

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
National Sport - Winning", Australian Journal of Physical
Education (September 1972), 5-14; Keith Dunstan in Sports
(Melbourne 1973), and John A. Daly, in Elysian Fields: Sport,
Class and Community in Colonial South Australia, 1836-1890 (Adelaide
1982), have made similar claims.
William Leatherdale, "The Influence of Darwinism on English
literature and Literary Ideals", in Oldroyd and Langham,
op.cit., pp.l-26.
See J.A. Mangan, "Athleticism: A Case Study of the Evolution
of an Educational Ideology", in B. Simon and I.
Bradley (eds.), The Victorian Public School: Studies in the Development
of an Educational Institution (Dublin 1975), p.166.
Canadian historians in particular have discussed this
topic; see Gerald Redmond, "The Gospel in the Colony:
'Muscular Christianity' in Nineteenth-Century Canada,,, a
paper presented at the IXth International HISPA Congress,
Lisbon, Portugal (1981); Morris Mott, "The British Protestant
Pioneers and the Establishment of Manly Sports in
Manitoba, 1870-1886", Journal of Sport History, 7:3 (1980),
25-36; and Alan Metcalfe, "Some Background Influences on
Nineteenth-Century Canadian Sport and Physical Education',
Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education, 5:l
(May 1974), 62-73. With regard to New Zealand, see Scott
A.G.M. Crawford, A History of Recreation and Sport in Nineteenth-
Century Otago (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Queensland 1984).
Turner, op.cit., 41.
See Henry A. Harrington, Muscular Christianity: A Study of the
Development of a Victorian Idea (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation,
Stanford University, 1971).
Harrington, ibid., passim., discusses in detail the works
which influenced the evolution of the ideal. And Redmond
has illustrated elsewhere that it had its origins in the
pre-literature of Kingsley and Hughes but was not afforded
this popular label. See Gerald Redmond, 'The First Tom
Brown's Schooldays: Origins and Evolution of Muscular
Christianity in Children's Literature, 1762-1857"' Quest
(Summer, 1978), 4-18.
Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford (London, 1880) p.99.
W.E. Winn, 'Tom Brown's Schooldays and the Development of
Muscular Christianity', Church History, 29 (1960), 67.
See Henry R. Harrington, "Charles Kingsley's Fallen
Athlete", Victorian Studies, 21:1 (Autumn, 1973), 73-74; and
Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories of His Life. Edited by
His Wife (London, 1882), pp.74, 75 and 179.
A.M. Machar, "Charles Kingsley", The Canadian Monthly and
National Review, 7:3 (March 1875), 249-253.
35