Sport and Colonialism in 19th Century Australasia - LA84 Foundation

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There are many sources that illustrate the extent of New Zealand's "working class" society 36 although, it should not be forgotten, once the gold rushes of the 1860s created a buoyant economy, there were many opportunities to get ahead. Successful pastoral-capitalists became New Zealand's wealthy class and their influence on recreation and sport in the early part of the twentieth century merits future analysis. VII In nineteenth century pioneering New Zealand society there was a tremendous reliance upon the establishment of British imported values and attitudes. The resolution of the imported and the indigenous clearly lay in favour of the pervasive influence of the "homeland". Nevertheless, as has been outlined here, there were marked levels of adaptation and adjustment. By the 1880s an imported heritage had found its colonial expres- sion. "While sports such as cricket, tennis, golf, and polo found their place in colonial society, far more popular were the pursuits that came to be associated with colonial occasions". 37 Horse racing meetings were festivals of informality, and fun laced with gambling and strong drink while the hurlyburly of the rugby game became the focal point of community interest. The openness of New Zealand did not lend itself to subservience. Although there were the wealthy and landowning groups in society the outlook of the settlers was typified by self-respect. Even by the depression years of the 1880s, when there was a growing reaction to New Zealand's landed gentry and newly emerging capitalist class, the foundation had been successfully laid for a "cherished colonial ethos of open opportunity for all". 38 The rugby club was open to all classes in society, the game itself was simple and easily understood and with the emphasis on group solidarity, rugby became the touchstone of an emerging New Zealand way of life rather than a reflection of the country's British heritage. 77
NOTES: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. A. Trollope, British Sports and Pastimes (London, 1868), pp.9-10. R. Longrigg, The English Squire and His Sport (London, 1977), p.288. Various sources consulted by the author at the National Archives, Nassau, Bahamas. See J.R. Mallea, 'The Victorian Sporting Legacy', McGill Journal of Education 10 (1975), p.190. For a sociology of culture perspective on colonial imperialism in the nineteenth century see J.M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880-1960 (Manchester, 1984). J. Morris, The Spectacle of Empire (London, 1982), p.202. Ibid., p.203. A.J. Toynbee, A Study of History (London, 1935) vol. 2, p.88. D.P. Ausubel, The Fern and the Tiki (New York, 1965), p.50. L. Cleveland, 'Pop Art, Politics and Sport in New Zealand', Politics 11 (1967), p.211. See also J.B.G. Thomas, Lions at Bay (London, 1966), p.22. L. Richardson, 'Rugby, Race and Empire: The 1905 All Black's Tour’, Historical News, No. 47 (1983), p.5. E. Olsen, 'Towards a New Society' in W.H. Oliver & B.R. Williams, The Oxford History of New Zealand (Wellington, 1981), p.227. Otago Journal, No. 5, November 1849. F.W. Wright & W.P. Reeves, New Zealand (London, 1908), p.52. N. Swindells, 'Social Aspects of Rugby Football in Manawatu From 1878 to 1910', B.A. (Hons.) Thesis, Massey University (1978), p.49. Ibid., pp.49-50. S.A.G.M. Crawford, 'A History of Recreation and Sport in Nineteenth Century Otago', Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland (1984), p.247. Ibid., p.245. E. Best, Games and Pastimes of the Maori (Wellington, 1976). J. Barclay, 'An Analysis of Trends in New Zealand Sport from 1840 to 1900', B.A. (Hons.) Thesis, Massey University (1977) p.67. 78
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Sport & Colonialism in 19th Century
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PREFACE As part of A.S.S.H. 's serv
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AN APPROACH TO COLONIAL SPORTS HIST
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the development of colonial sport.
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III Students of British sports hist
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For the gentry, gambling was typica
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other's needs, wherever there was a
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At the time of the initial Australi
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they also had a duty to display the
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13
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THE LEGACY OF BRITISH VICTORIAN SOC
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attempted to reproduce the best tra
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Muscular Christianity in her opinio
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of St. Peter's College, Adelaide, J
Page 30 and 31: Thomas Arnold and Friedrich Froebel
Page 32 and 33: context. Inglis has pointed out tha
Page 34 and 35: They were also, now, much coveted i
Page 36 and 37: ut failed in his finals. He subsequ
Page 38 and 39: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
Page 40 and 41: 38. J.A. Mangan, "Athleticism", op.
Page 42 and 43: 68. 69. 70. 71. “Hunting”, Bell
Page 44 and 45: Cycling in Queensland (Brisbane, 19
Page 46 and 47: securely on the universal opinion t
Page 48 and 49: that competitive sport had become a
Page 50 and 51: On his appointment to Wesley in 188
Page 52 and 53: myth that the education of Ancient
Page 54 and 55: the Misses Tremblett, may be congra
Page 56 and 57: Such muted criticism of the interna
Page 58 and 59: influential and powerful personalit
Page 60 and 61: citizen army nearly 18,000 senior c
Page 62 and 63: Henley's words were aptly prophetic
Page 64 and 65: severe. In the Victorian public sch
Page 66 and 67: 25. 26. Argus, 8 May 1911. 27. Ibid
Page 68 and 69: RECREATIONAL AND SPORTING VALUES ON
Page 70 and 71: ensured that parallel developments
Page 72 and 73: vigour, strength and group spirit o
Page 74 and 75: . . . the game of rugby brought tog
Page 76 and 77: newspaper in 1882, in its lyrical t
Page 78 and 79: is the case then rugby was appropri
Page 82 and 83: 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
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Sport and Colonialism in 19th Century Australasia - LA84 Foundation

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