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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Schematic illustration of the four consecutive steps in the generation of photocurrent from incident light to an organic solar cell [8].............................................. 2 Figure 1.2: Schematic illustration of two organic solar cell architectures: (a) planar and (b) bulk heterojunction ........................................................................................................ 4 Figure 1.3: (a) the structure of a CuPc/PTCBI bilayer solar cell;(b) the current density (J)-Voltage (V) is measured in the dark and under 1 sun illumination [23]. ...................... 9 Figure 1.4: Equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell [24]................................................. 10 Figure 1.5: (a) increasing series and (b) reducing parallel resistance. In each case the effect of the resistances is to reduce the area of the maximum power rectangle compared to J sc × V oc [25].................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 1.6: Efficiency improvement over years for solution processed small molecule bulk HJ solar cells ............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 1.7: Chemical structure of merocyanine dye used in fabricating Al/merocyanine/Ag organic solar cells [43]..................................................................... 17 Figure 1.8: New squaraine donors 1 (R=2-ethylhexyl) and 2 (R=n-dodecyl); schematic diagram of squaraine:PCBM bulk solar cells [39]............................................................ 18 Figure 1.9: Two new squaraine dyes substituted at the pyrrolic rings with n-hexyl (squaraine 1) or n-hexenyl (squaraine 2) chains. The presence of the terminal double bond results in a much more compact solid-state structure, dramatically affecting charge transport in the thin films [5]. ........................................................................................... 18 ix
Figure 1.10: Molecular structure of a new squaraine with four hydroxyl groups [45]..... 19 Figure 2.1:(a) X-ray-diffraction (XRD) patterns of squaraine (SQ) bulk powder materials; (b) SQ thin film spin-coated from dichloromethane solvent on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. The diffraction peaks are indexed using Winplotr and FullProf [17-18] software routines. ................................................................................................. 31 Figure 2.2:The absorption coefficient (α) of pure squaraine, PC 70 BM, and blends of both materials on quartz substrate with SQ:PC 70 BM ratios of 3:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:6. ........ 32 Figure 2.3: (a) Typical current density vs voltage characteristic of samples used for mobility measurement; (b) The zero field hole hole mobility (µ 0 ) versus molecular weight ratio between squaraine and PC 70 BM. .................................................................. 34 Figure 2.4:Atomic force microscope topographic and 3D images of (a) and pure PC 70 BM, (b) 1:3 SQ:PC 70 BM, and (c) pure SQ films deposited on indium tin oxide coated glass. The field of view of each film is 5 µm x 5 µm. (d) The root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of versus the molecular weight ratio of squaraine blended into PC 70 BM taken from AFM data as shown in (a)-(c). ................................................................................. 35 Figure 2.5:The effect of SQ:PC 70 BM blend ratios on the external quantum efficiency (EQE) for the five bulk cells with a device structure of ITO/MoO3(80 Å) /SQ:PC70BM(x Å)/Al (1000 Å), and the EQE of the SQ/C 60 planar control cell with a device structure of ITO/MoO3(80 Å)/SQ(62 Å)/C 60 (400 Å)/ bathocuproine (BCP)(100 Å)/Al(1000 Å). Here, x = 320 Å, 400 Å, 720 Å, 730 Å and 760 Å for the five blend cells. ............................... 38 Figure 2.6: Current density-Voltage (J-V) characteristics characteristics illuminated at (a) x
Page 1 and 2: SQUARAINE DONOR BASED ORGANIC SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my two sons Anderson
Page 5 and 6: characterization of crystallized sq
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
Page 9: List of Publications, Conference Pr
Page 13 and 14: shown in (d), which correspond to t
Page 15 and 16: Figure 6.3: Absorption spectra of A
Page 17 and 18: Figure 7.7: Schematic diagram on st
Page 19 and 20: List of Appendices Appendix 1 .....
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction to solution
Page 23 and 24: The optical-to-electrical conversio
Page 25 and 26: photogenerated excitons cannot reac
Page 27 and 28: Because the L D is typically limite
Page 29 and 30: single D/A planar heterojunction wa
Page 31 and 32: and aids dissociation. Thus, k PPd
Page 33 and 34: 1.4 Recent research progress of sol
Page 35 and 36: etween these conjugated small molec
Page 37 and 38: in the long-wavelength region, good
Page 39 and 40: (squaraine 1) or n-hexenyl (squarai
Page 41 and 42: and hole mobility. In Chapter 3, we
Page 43 and 44: References [1] L. M. Chen, Z. R. Ho
Page 45 and 46: [25] M. S. Kim, B. G. Kim, and J. K
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Solution processed squara
Page 49 and 50: field. L d must be longer than the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.1:(a) X-ray-diffraction (X
Page 53 and 54: fraction of PC 70 BM increases, the
Page 55 and 56: pure, nanocrystalline SQ film of a
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.1: Summary of solar cell ch
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.6: Current density-Voltage
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The highest efficiencies (Fig. 2.8)
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Here, J s is the reverse saturation
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PC 70 BM and SQ across the waveleng
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lended films have a more uniform an
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Tantiwiwat, and T. Q. Nguyen, Adv.
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Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
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determined using a variable angle a
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dichloromethane (DCM) solvent on in
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local organization of SQ thin films
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Figure 3.4: (a) External quantum ef
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the range of power intensities. In
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interdigitated BHJ characteristics
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References [1] D. Bagnis, L. Beveri
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Chapter 4 Solvent annealed nanocrys
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Figure 4.1:The XRD peaks for squara
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Figure 4.2: The effect of as-cast a
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TEM image shown in Fig. 4.3c is har
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Figure 4.5:The power conversion eff
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References [1] P. Peumans, S. Uchid
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1814(2005). [22] V. Shrotriya, G. L
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exciton dissociation at these inter
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Figure 5.1:(a) the squaraine/C 60 d
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A significant increase in V oc is o
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Figure 5.3: External quantum effici
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Figure 5.4: 3D atomic force microsc
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nanocrystalline growth as inferred
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References [1] T. Rousseau, A. Crav
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Chapter 6 Functionalized Squaraine
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6.2 Experiment of six squaraine/C 6
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6.3 Physical properties of six func
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Absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) 6.3
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π-stacked molecules (DPSQ) would b
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Figure 6.5: (a) Measured absorption
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Figure 6.6: Perspective atomic forc
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Current density (mA/cm 2 ) 20 15 On
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The FF versus incident power intens
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show defined spots, their intensity
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Current density (A/cm 2 ) phenyl gr
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Table 6.3: Performance of annealed
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References [1] C. V. Hoven, X. D. D
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Chapter 7 Conclusions and outlooks
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Figure 7.1: (a) Comparison of Curre
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size. This precise structural contr
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Figure 7.2: Absorption spectrum of
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Figure 7.3: Fill factor versus powe
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Figure 7.5: TEM image and selected
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7.2.4 Two squaraine donor blending
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7.2.5 Solvent annealing of function
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References [1] F. Yang, K. Sun, and
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second photon (~ 10 3 s -1 ), is ty
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e( x) Ec( x) n( x) Nc( x)exp kT
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Since the reverse saturation curren
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Here, is the quasi-Fermi-level spl
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then once again increases rapidly.
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Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 266
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L&M model, the limiting efficiency
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Appendix 3 List of Publications, Co
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1. Guodan Wei, Xin Xiao, Siyi Wang,
Page 177:
circuit voltage using electron/hole
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