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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ix List of Table ................................................................................................................... xvii List of Appendices ........................................................................................................ xviii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1 Introduction to solution processed organic solar cells ................................ 1 1.1 Principles of organic solar cells .............................................................................. 2 1.2 Device architectures of organic solar cells ............................................................. 3 1.3 Characteristics of organic solar cells ........................................................................ 8 1.4 Recent research progress of solution processed bulk HJ solar cells ..................... 13 1.4.1 Recent research progress of polymer bulk HJ solar cells ................................ 13 1.4.2 Recent research progress of small molecule bulk HJ solar cells ..................... 14 1.5 Thesis overview .................................................................................................... 19 References ..................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2 Solution processed squaraine bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells ..... 27 2.1 Introduction to bulk heterojunction solar cells ....................................................... 27 2.2 Cell series resistance ............................................................................................... 28 2.3 Properties of pure squaraine and mixed squaraine:PC 70 BM thin films .................. 30 2.3.1 Crystal structure of squaraine material ............................................................ 30 2.3.2 Optical absorption of squaraine and squaraine:PC 70 BM blend films .............. 31 2.3.3 Charge carrier mobilities .................................................................................. 33 2.3.4 Surface morphology ......................................................................................... 34 2.4 Squaraine/C 60 control and squaraine:PC 70 BM bulk solar cells ............................... 36 2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 42 2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................. 46 References ..................................................................................................................... 48 v
Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squaraine/C 60 nanocrystalline heterojunction solar cells ................................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 51 3.2 Device fabrication and characterization .................................................................. 52 3.3 Properties of squaraine thin films ........................................................................... 54 3.3.1 Crystallinity evolution through post annealing ................................................ 54 3.3.2 Optical absorption of annealed squaraine films ............................................... 55 3.3.3 Surface morphology and crystallinity .............................................................. 56 3.3.4 Exciton diffusion length ................................................................................... 57 3.4 Device performance of squaraine/C 60 bulk solar cells ............................................ 58 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 62 3.6 Summary ................................................................................................................. 64 References ..................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter 4 Solvent annealed nanocrystalline squaraine: PC 70 BM (1:6) solar cells ... 67 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 67 4.2 Effect of solvent annealing to squaraine:PC 70 BM (1:6) films ................................ 68 4.2.1 Crystallinity of solvent annealed squaraine:PC 70 BM blend films ................... 68 4.2.2 Optical properties of solvent annealed squaraine:PC 70 BM blend films .......... 69 4.2.3 Surface morphology of squaraine:PC 70 BM blend films .................................. 71 4.3 Device performance of squaraine:PC70BM cells ................................................... 73 4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 76 References ..................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 5 Arylamine-Based Squaraine Donors for Use in Organic Solar Cells ...... 80 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 80 5.2 1-NPSQ/C 60 device fabrication ............................................................................... 82 5.3 Absorption spectra of SQ and 1-NPSQ thin films and device characteristics ........ 84 5.3 SQ/C 60 and 1-NPSQ/C 60 device characteristics ...................................................... 86 5.4 The thermal annealing of 1-NPSQ thin films ......................................................... 88 5.5 The 1-NPSQ/C 60 cells with low series resistance (R s ) ............................................ 90 5.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 91 References ..................................................................................................................... 93 Chapter 6 Functionalized Squaraine Donors for Nanocrystalline Organic vi
Page 1 and 2: SQUARAINE DONOR BASED ORGANIC SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my two sons Anderson
Page 5: characterization of crystallized sq
Page 9 and 10: List of Publications, Conference Pr
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.10: Molecular structure of
Page 13 and 14: shown in (d), which correspond to t
Page 15 and 16: Figure 6.3: Absorption spectra of A
Page 17 and 18: Figure 7.7: Schematic diagram on st
Page 19 and 20: List of Appendices Appendix 1 .....
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction to solution
Page 23 and 24: The optical-to-electrical conversio
Page 25 and 26: photogenerated excitons cannot reac
Page 27 and 28: Because the L D is typically limite
Page 29 and 30: single D/A planar heterojunction wa
Page 31 and 32: and aids dissociation. Thus, k PPd
Page 33 and 34: 1.4 Recent research progress of sol
Page 35 and 36: etween these conjugated small molec
Page 37 and 38: in the long-wavelength region, good
Page 39 and 40: (squaraine 1) or n-hexenyl (squarai
Page 41 and 42: and hole mobility. In Chapter 3, we
Page 43 and 44: References [1] L. M. Chen, Z. R. Ho
Page 45 and 46: [25] M. S. Kim, B. G. Kim, and J. K
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Solution processed squara
Page 49 and 50: field. L d must be longer than the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.1:(a) X-ray-diffraction (X
Page 53 and 54: fraction of PC 70 BM increases, the
Page 55 and 56: pure, nanocrystalline SQ film of a
Page 57 and 58:
Table 2.1: Summary of solar cell ch
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 2.6: Current density-Voltage
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The highest efficiencies (Fig. 2.8)
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Here, J s is the reverse saturation
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PC 70 BM and SQ across the waveleng
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lended films have a more uniform an
Page 69 and 70:
Tantiwiwat, and T. Q. Nguyen, Adv.
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
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determined using a variable angle a
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dichloromethane (DCM) solvent on in
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local organization of SQ thin films
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Figure 3.4: (a) External quantum ef
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the range of power intensities. In
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interdigitated BHJ characteristics
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References [1] D. Bagnis, L. Beveri
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Chapter 4 Solvent annealed nanocrys
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Figure 4.1:The XRD peaks for squara
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Figure 4.2: The effect of as-cast a
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TEM image shown in Fig. 4.3c is har
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Figure 4.5:The power conversion eff
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References [1] P. Peumans, S. Uchid
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1814(2005). [22] V. Shrotriya, G. L
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exciton dissociation at these inter
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 5.1:(a) the squaraine/C 60 d
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A significant increase in V oc is o
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Figure 5.3: External quantum effici
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Figure 5.4: 3D atomic force microsc
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nanocrystalline growth as inferred
Page 113 and 114:
References [1] T. Rousseau, A. Crav
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 6 Functionalized Squaraine
Page 117 and 118:
6.2 Experiment of six squaraine/C 6
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6.3 Physical properties of six func
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Absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) 6.3
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π-stacked molecules (DPSQ) would b
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Figure 6.5: (a) Measured absorption
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Figure 6.6: Perspective atomic forc
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Current density (mA/cm 2 ) 20 15 On
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The FF versus incident power intens
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show defined spots, their intensity
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Current density (A/cm 2 ) phenyl gr
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Table 6.3: Performance of annealed
Page 139 and 140:
References [1] C. V. Hoven, X. D. D
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Chapter 7 Conclusions and outlooks
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Figure 7.1: (a) Comparison of Curre
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size. This precise structural contr
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Figure 7.2: Absorption spectrum of
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Figure 7.3: Fill factor versus powe
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Figure 7.5: TEM image and selected
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7.2.4 Two squaraine donor blending
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7.2.5 Solvent annealing of function
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References [1] F. Yang, K. Sun, and
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second photon (~ 10 3 s -1 ), is ty
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e( x) Ec( x) n( x) Nc( x)exp kT
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Since the reverse saturation curren
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Here, is the quasi-Fermi-level spl
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then once again increases rapidly.
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Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 266
Page 171 and 172:
L&M model, the limiting efficiency
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 3 List of Publications, Co
Page 175 and 176:
1. Guodan Wei, Xin Xiao, Siyi Wang,
Page 177:
circuit voltage using electron/hole
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