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Photovoltaics .................................................................................................................... 95 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 95 6.2 Experiment of six squaraine/C 60 devices ................................................................ 97 6.3 Physical properties of six functionalized squaraines .............................................. 99 6.3.1 HOMO and LUMO levels ............................................................................... 99 6.3.2 Optical properties ........................................................................................... 101 6.3.3 Molecular stacking of the single crystal squaraine (SQ) and arylamine-based Squaraine (DPSQ) ................................................................................................... 101 6.3.4. Exciton diffusion length of fSQs .................................................................. 104 6.3.5. Surface morphology of the fSQ thin films .................................................... 106 6.4 Squaraines/C 60 NcHJ solar cells ........................................................................... 107 6.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 112 6.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 118 References ................................................................................................................... 119 Chapter 7 ....................................................................................................................... 121 Conclusions and outlooks ............................................................................................. 121 7.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 121 7.2 Outlook ................................................................................................................. 125 7.2.1 The design and synthesis of new squaraine donors ....................................... 126 7.2.2. Synthesis of single crystal squaraine nanowires ........................................... 128 7.2.3 Nanocomposite squaraine:PC 70 BM solar cells .............................................. 131 7.2.4 Two squaraine donor blending solar cells ..................................................... 133 7.2.5 Solvent annealing of functionalized squaraines (fSQ)/C 60 solar cells ........... 135 7.3 Afterword .............................................................................................................. 136 References ................................................................................................................... 137 Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................................... 138 Thermodynamic limits of quantum photovoltaic cell efficiency based on one photon absorption .................................................................................................................... 138 Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................................... 150 Thermodynamic limits of quantum photovoltaic cell efficiency based on two photon absorption .................................................................................................................... 150 Appendix 3 ..................................................................................................................... 153 vii
List of Publications, Conference Presentations and Patents ..................................... 153 viii
Page 1 and 2: SQUARAINE DONOR BASED ORGANIC SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my two sons Anderson
Page 5 and 6: characterization of crystallized sq
Page 7: Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.10: Molecular structure of
Page 13 and 14: shown in (d), which correspond to t
Page 15 and 16: Figure 6.3: Absorption spectra of A
Page 17 and 18: Figure 7.7: Schematic diagram on st
Page 19 and 20: List of Appendices Appendix 1 .....
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction to solution
Page 23 and 24: The optical-to-electrical conversio
Page 25 and 26: photogenerated excitons cannot reac
Page 27 and 28: Because the L D is typically limite
Page 29 and 30: single D/A planar heterojunction wa
Page 31 and 32: and aids dissociation. Thus, k PPd
Page 33 and 34: 1.4 Recent research progress of sol
Page 35 and 36: etween these conjugated small molec
Page 37 and 38: in the long-wavelength region, good
Page 39 and 40: (squaraine 1) or n-hexenyl (squarai
Page 41 and 42: and hole mobility. In Chapter 3, we
Page 43 and 44: References [1] L. M. Chen, Z. R. Ho
Page 45 and 46: [25] M. S. Kim, B. G. Kim, and J. K
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Solution processed squara
Page 49 and 50: field. L d must be longer than the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.1:(a) X-ray-diffraction (X
Page 53 and 54: fraction of PC 70 BM increases, the
Page 55 and 56: pure, nanocrystalline SQ film of a
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.1: Summary of solar cell ch
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 2.6: Current density-Voltage
Page 61 and 62:
The highest efficiencies (Fig. 2.8)
Page 63 and 64:
Here, J s is the reverse saturation
Page 65 and 66:
PC 70 BM and SQ across the waveleng
Page 67 and 68:
lended films have a more uniform an
Page 69 and 70:
Tantiwiwat, and T. Q. Nguyen, Adv.
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
Page 73 and 74:
determined using a variable angle a
Page 75 and 76:
dichloromethane (DCM) solvent on in
Page 77 and 78:
local organization of SQ thin films
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 3.4: (a) External quantum ef
Page 81 and 82:
the range of power intensities. In
Page 83 and 84:
interdigitated BHJ characteristics
Page 85 and 86:
References [1] D. Bagnis, L. Beveri
Page 87 and 88:
Chapter 4 Solvent annealed nanocrys
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 4.1:The XRD peaks for squara
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 4.2: The effect of as-cast a
Page 93 and 94:
TEM image shown in Fig. 4.3c is har
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 4.5:The power conversion eff
Page 97 and 98:
References [1] P. Peumans, S. Uchid
Page 99 and 100:
1814(2005). [22] V. Shrotriya, G. L
Page 101 and 102:
exciton dissociation at these inter
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 5.1:(a) the squaraine/C 60 d
Page 105 and 106:
A significant increase in V oc is o
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 5.3: External quantum effici
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 5.4: 3D atomic force microsc
Page 111 and 112:
nanocrystalline growth as inferred
Page 113 and 114:
References [1] T. Rousseau, A. Crav
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 6 Functionalized Squaraine
Page 117 and 118:
6.2 Experiment of six squaraine/C 6
Page 119 and 120:
6.3 Physical properties of six func
Page 121 and 122:
Absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) 6.3
Page 123 and 124:
π-stacked molecules (DPSQ) would b
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 6.5: (a) Measured absorption
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 6.6: Perspective atomic forc
Page 129 and 130:
Current density (mA/cm 2 ) 20 15 On
Page 131 and 132:
The FF versus incident power intens
Page 133 and 134:
show defined spots, their intensity
Page 135 and 136:
Current density (A/cm 2 ) phenyl gr
Page 137 and 138:
Table 6.3: Performance of annealed
Page 139 and 140:
References [1] C. V. Hoven, X. D. D
Page 141 and 142:
Chapter 7 Conclusions and outlooks
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 7.1: (a) Comparison of Curre
Page 145 and 146:
size. This precise structural contr
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 7.2: Absorption spectrum of
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 7.3: Fill factor versus powe
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 7.5: TEM image and selected
Page 153 and 154:
7.2.4 Two squaraine donor blending
Page 155 and 156:
7.2.5 Solvent annealing of function
Page 157 and 158:
References [1] F. Yang, K. Sun, and
Page 159 and 160:
second photon (~ 10 3 s -1 ), is ty
Page 161 and 162:
e( x) Ec( x) n( x) Nc( x)exp kT
Page 163 and 164:
Since the reverse saturation curren
Page 165 and 166:
Here, is the quasi-Fermi-level spl
Page 167 and 168:
then once again increases rapidly.
Page 169 and 170:
Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 266
Page 171 and 172:
L&M model, the limiting efficiency
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 3 List of Publications, Co
Page 175 and 176:
1. Guodan Wei, Xin Xiao, Siyi Wang,
Page 177:
circuit voltage using electron/hole
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