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[36] A. B. Tamayo B. Walker, X. D. Dang, P. Zalar, J. H. Seo, A. Garcia, M. Tantiwiwat, T. Q. Nguyen, Adv.Func.Mater. 19, 3063 (2009). [37] T. Rousseau, T. Bura, G. Ulrich, R. Ziessel, and J. Roncali, Chem.Comm. 13, 1673 (2009). [38] N. M. Kronenberg, M. Deppisch, F. Wurthner, H. W. A. Lademann, K. Deing, and K. Meerholz, Chem. Comm. 48, 6489 (2008). [39] F. Silvestri, M. D. Irwin, L. Beverina, A. Facchetti, G. A. Pagani, and T. J. Marks, J.Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 17640 (2008). [40] S. Sreejith, P. Carol, P. Chithra, and A. Ajayaghosh, J.Mater.Chem. 18, 264 (2008). [41] L. Beverina, M. Drees, A. Facchetti, M. Salamone, R. Ruffo, and G. A. Pagani, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2011 (28), 5555 (2011). [42] Y. R. Shi, R. B. M. Hill, J. H. Yum, A. Dualeh, S. Barlow, M. Gratzel, S. R. Marder, and M. K. Nazeeruddin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 6619 (2011). [43] A.K. Ghosh and T. Feng, J. Appl. Phys. 49 (12), 5982 (1978). [44] U. Mayerhoffer, K. Deing, K. Gruß, H. Braunschweig, K. Meerholz, and F. Wurthner, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 8776 (2009). [45] S.Y. Wang, E. I. Mayo, M. D. Perez, L. Griffe, G. D. Wei, P I. Djurovich, S. R. Forrest, and M. E. Thompson, Appl.Phys. Lett. 94, 233304 (2009). 26
Chapter 2 Solution processed squaraine bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells 2.1 Introduction to bulk heterojunction solar cells Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells consisting of interpenetrating blends of electronand hole- transporting materials offer promise for low-cost, sustainable electricity production [1-3]. Efficient charge generation throughout the active blends, ultrafast charge transfer at the donor/acceptor interface and efficient charge transport are essential for high performance photovoltaic applications [4]. Due to their potential low-cost of fabrication, solution processing has been widely explored to demonstrate polymeric bulk HJ solar cells with high power efficiencies [5-7], although the dependence of performance on polymer materials such as regioregularity, polydispersity, and stability [8] has not been fully addressed. In contrast, small molecules are intrinsically monodisperse and simple to synthesize and purify. In general, the concept of the bulk heterojunction has been demonstrated in small-molecular weight organic solar cells with active layers co-deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation [9] or organic vapor phase deposition [10]. There are also examples of small molecules that have been used as solution processable donor materials in BHJ architectures[11-13]. Unfortunately, the strong intermolecular forces between conjugated small molecules can result in the nucleation of molecular crystals in solution, generating incomplete film coverage with high surface roughness. To obtain improved performance, efforts have focused on the design and synthesis of soluable donors with high charge 27
Page 1 and 2: SQUARAINE DONOR BASED ORGANIC SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my two sons Anderson
Page 5 and 6: characterization of crystallized sq
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
Page 9 and 10: List of Publications, Conference Pr
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.10: Molecular structure of
Page 13 and 14: shown in (d), which correspond to t
Page 15 and 16: Figure 6.3: Absorption spectra of A
Page 17 and 18: Figure 7.7: Schematic diagram on st
Page 19 and 20: List of Appendices Appendix 1 .....
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction to solution
Page 23 and 24: The optical-to-electrical conversio
Page 25 and 26: photogenerated excitons cannot reac
Page 27 and 28: Because the L D is typically limite
Page 29 and 30: single D/A planar heterojunction wa
Page 31 and 32: and aids dissociation. Thus, k PPd
Page 33 and 34: 1.4 Recent research progress of sol
Page 35 and 36: etween these conjugated small molec
Page 37 and 38: in the long-wavelength region, good
Page 39 and 40: (squaraine 1) or n-hexenyl (squarai
Page 41 and 42: and hole mobility. In Chapter 3, we
Page 43 and 44: References [1] L. M. Chen, Z. R. Ho
Page 45: [25] M. S. Kim, B. G. Kim, and J. K
Page 49 and 50: field. L d must be longer than the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.1:(a) X-ray-diffraction (X
Page 53 and 54: fraction of PC 70 BM increases, the
Page 55 and 56: pure, nanocrystalline SQ film of a
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.1: Summary of solar cell ch
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.6: Current density-Voltage
Page 61 and 62: The highest efficiencies (Fig. 2.8)
Page 63 and 64: Here, J s is the reverse saturation
Page 65 and 66: PC 70 BM and SQ across the waveleng
Page 67 and 68: lended films have a more uniform an
Page 69 and 70: Tantiwiwat, and T. Q. Nguyen, Adv.
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
Page 73 and 74: determined using a variable angle a
Page 75 and 76: dichloromethane (DCM) solvent on in
Page 77 and 78: local organization of SQ thin films
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.4: (a) External quantum ef
Page 81 and 82: the range of power intensities. In
Page 83 and 84: interdigitated BHJ characteristics
Page 85 and 86: References [1] D. Bagnis, L. Beveri
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 4 Solvent annealed nanocrys
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.1:The XRD peaks for squara
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.2: The effect of as-cast a
Page 93 and 94: TEM image shown in Fig. 4.3c is har
Page 95 and 96: Figure 4.5:The power conversion eff
Page 97 and 98:
References [1] P. Peumans, S. Uchid
Page 99 and 100:
1814(2005). [22] V. Shrotriya, G. L
Page 101 and 102:
exciton dissociation at these inter
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 5.1:(a) the squaraine/C 60 d
Page 105 and 106:
A significant increase in V oc is o
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 5.3: External quantum effici
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 5.4: 3D atomic force microsc
Page 111 and 112:
nanocrystalline growth as inferred
Page 113 and 114:
References [1] T. Rousseau, A. Crav
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 6 Functionalized Squaraine
Page 117 and 118:
6.2 Experiment of six squaraine/C 6
Page 119 and 120:
6.3 Physical properties of six func
Page 121 and 122:
Absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) 6.3
Page 123 and 124:
π-stacked molecules (DPSQ) would b
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 6.5: (a) Measured absorption
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 6.6: Perspective atomic forc
Page 129 and 130:
Current density (mA/cm 2 ) 20 15 On
Page 131 and 132:
The FF versus incident power intens
Page 133 and 134:
show defined spots, their intensity
Page 135 and 136:
Current density (A/cm 2 ) phenyl gr
Page 137 and 138:
Table 6.3: Performance of annealed
Page 139 and 140:
References [1] C. V. Hoven, X. D. D
Page 141 and 142:
Chapter 7 Conclusions and outlooks
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 7.1: (a) Comparison of Curre
Page 145 and 146:
size. This precise structural contr
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 7.2: Absorption spectrum of
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 7.3: Fill factor versus powe
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 7.5: TEM image and selected
Page 153 and 154:
7.2.4 Two squaraine donor blending
Page 155 and 156:
7.2.5 Solvent annealing of function
Page 157 and 158:
References [1] F. Yang, K. Sun, and
Page 159 and 160:
second photon (~ 10 3 s -1 ), is ty
Page 161 and 162:
e( x) Ec( x) n( x) Nc( x)exp kT
Page 163 and 164:
Since the reverse saturation curren
Page 165 and 166:
Here, is the quasi-Fermi-level spl
Page 167 and 168:
then once again increases rapidly.
Page 169 and 170:
Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 266
Page 171 and 172:
L&M model, the limiting efficiency
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 3 List of Publications, Co
Page 175 and 176:
1. Guodan Wei, Xin Xiao, Siyi Wang,
Page 177:
circuit voltage using electron/hole
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