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Å)/C 60 (400Å)/ 3,4,9,10 perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI) (100Å)/Ag<br />
(1000Å). .......................................................................................................................... 112<br />
Figure 6.10: The selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of: (a) as-cast PSQ;<br />
(b) annealed PSQ;(c) annealed DPSQ;(d) annealed 1-NPSQ and (e) annealed SQ films.<br />
......................................................................................................................................... 113<br />
Figure 6.11: Fill factor (FF) versus the mass density of six functionalized SQs. .......... 114<br />
Figure 6.12: Dark current density versus voltage characteristics (open circles) of five ascast<br />
fSQs/C 60 cells. The solid lines are fits to the J-V characteristics based on the<br />
modified ideal diode equation. ........................................................................................ 115<br />
Figure 7.1: (a) Comparison of Current density (J) versus voltage (V) and (b) External<br />
quantum efficiency (EQE) for three different device structures: planar, bulk and NcHJ<br />
cells. ................................................................................................................................ 123<br />
Figure 7.2: Absorption spectrum of the current available squaraine donors and fullerene<br />
acceptor ........................................................................................................................... 127<br />
Figure 7.3: Fill factor versus power intensities for a typical as-cast SQ:PC 70 BM (1:6)<br />
solar cell. ......................................................................................................................... 129<br />
Figure 7.4: (a), (b), (c) SEM images of squaraine nanowires; (d) XRD of squaraine<br />
nanowires. ....................................................................................................................... 130<br />
Figure 7.5: TEM image and selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAED) of a single<br />
SQ nanowire.................................................................................................................... 131<br />
Figure 7.6: Schematic diagram of SQ nanowire:PC 70 BM bulk HJ solar cells ............... 131<br />
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