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SQ:PC 70 BM (1:6) cells at 1 sun illumination. .................................................................. 74 Figure 4.5:The power conversion efficiency (η p ) and (b) fill factor (FF) versus power intensities under as-cast and four different dichloromethane (DCM) solvent annealing time (6min, 8 min, 10 min and 12 min) for a device structure of ITO/MoO3(80 Å)/SQ:PC70BM (1:6 780 Å)/C60(40 Å)/BCP(10 Å)/LiF(8 Å)/Al(1000 Å).................... 75 Figure 5.1:(a) the squaraine/C 60 device architecture (b) the molecular structure of parent squaraine (SQ) and the arylamine-based squaraine (1-NPSQ)......................................... 83 Figure 5.2: (a) absorption spectrum of SQ, 1-NPSQ and C 60 , and standard solar spectrum at 1 sun illumination; (b) the current density (J)-voltage (V) of as-cast SQ/C 60 and 1- NPSQ/C 60 solar cells at 1 sun illumination. ...................................................................... 84 Figure 5.3: External quantum efficiencies (EQE) of the control and three cells annealed at temperatures shown in legend; (b) The power conversion efficiency (η p ) versus different power intensities for a device structure of ITO/MoO 3 (80Å)/1- NPSQ(200Å)/C 60 (400Å)/bathocuproine (100 Å)/Al(1000 Å).......................................... 87 Figure 5.4: 3D atomic force microscope (AFM) images of: (a) as-cast, (b) 90 0 C annealed 1-NPSQ films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass with a 80 Å thick layer of MoO 3 ; (c) selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of 90 o C annealed 1- NPSQ films. ...................................................................................................................... 89 Figure 6.1: molecular structures of the family of six fSQs ............................................... 99 Figure 6.2: The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of SQ, PSQ, 1-NPSQ, DPSQ, ASSQ, DPASQ and C 60 ...... 100 xiii
Figure 6.3: Absorption spectra of ASSQ, DPASQ, DPSQ, 1-NPSQ, PSQ, SQ and C 60 .101 Figure 6.4: Crystal packing diagrams for the parent SQ (top) and DPSQ (bottom). View of SQ showing herringbone structure (a) and molecular stacking arrangement (b). Stacking arrangement of DPSQ viewed down the short (c) and long (d) molecular axes. Hydrogen atoms were removed for clarity [15].............................................................. 103 Figure 6.5: (a) Measured absorption coefficients (α) and (b) the photoluminescent (PL) spectrum as functions of wavelengths for thermal (130 0 C) and DCM solvent annealed SQ thin films; (c) quenching ratio (η) versus absorption coefficient for a 40 nm SQ. ... 105 Figure 6.6: Perspective atomic force microscope (AFM) images of as-cast (a) ASSQ, (b) DPASQ, (c) DPSQ, (d) 1-NPSQ, (e) PSQ and (f) SQ films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass with a 80 Å thick surface layer of MoO 3 . Here, RMS is the root mean square roughness of the films. ........................................................................................ 107 Figure 6.7: External quantum efficiencies (EQE) of the six as cast SQs/C 60 cells with device structure of ITO/MoO 3 (80Å)/SQs(85 ± 5 Å)/C 60 (400Å)/ 3,4,9,10 perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI) (100Å)/Ag (1000Å)...................... 108 Figure 6.8: The current density (J) versus voltage (V) at 1 sun illumination of the six as cast SQs/C 60 cells with device structure of ITO/MoO 3 (80Å)/SQs(85 ± 5 Å)/C 60 (400Å)/ 3,4,9,10 perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI) (100Å)/Ag (1000Å)........ 109 Figure 6.9: (a) Fill factor (FF) and (b) power conversion efficiency (η p ) as functions of AM1.5G spectral illumination power intensities (corrected for solar spectral mismatch) of the six as-cast SQs/C 60 cells with device structure of ITO/MoO 3 (80Å)/SQs(85 ± 5 xiv
Page 1 and 2: SQUARAINE DONOR BASED ORGANIC SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my two sons Anderson
Page 5 and 6: characterization of crystallized sq
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
Page 9 and 10: List of Publications, Conference Pr
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.10: Molecular structure of
Page 13: shown in (d), which correspond to t
Page 17 and 18: Figure 7.7: Schematic diagram on st
Page 19 and 20: List of Appendices Appendix 1 .....
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction to solution
Page 23 and 24: The optical-to-electrical conversio
Page 25 and 26: photogenerated excitons cannot reac
Page 27 and 28: Because the L D is typically limite
Page 29 and 30: single D/A planar heterojunction wa
Page 31 and 32: and aids dissociation. Thus, k PPd
Page 33 and 34: 1.4 Recent research progress of sol
Page 35 and 36: etween these conjugated small molec
Page 37 and 38: in the long-wavelength region, good
Page 39 and 40: (squaraine 1) or n-hexenyl (squarai
Page 41 and 42: and hole mobility. In Chapter 3, we
Page 43 and 44: References [1] L. M. Chen, Z. R. Ho
Page 45 and 46: [25] M. S. Kim, B. G. Kim, and J. K
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Solution processed squara
Page 49 and 50: field. L d must be longer than the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.1:(a) X-ray-diffraction (X
Page 53 and 54: fraction of PC 70 BM increases, the
Page 55 and 56: pure, nanocrystalline SQ film of a
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.1: Summary of solar cell ch
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.6: Current density-Voltage
Page 61 and 62: The highest efficiencies (Fig. 2.8)
Page 63 and 64: Here, J s is the reverse saturation
Page 65 and 66:
PC 70 BM and SQ across the waveleng
Page 67 and 68:
lended films have a more uniform an
Page 69 and 70:
Tantiwiwat, and T. Q. Nguyen, Adv.
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3 Efficient and ordered squ
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determined using a variable angle a
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dichloromethane (DCM) solvent on in
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local organization of SQ thin films
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Figure 3.4: (a) External quantum ef
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the range of power intensities. In
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interdigitated BHJ characteristics
Page 85 and 86:
References [1] D. Bagnis, L. Beveri
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Chapter 4 Solvent annealed nanocrys
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Figure 4.1:The XRD peaks for squara
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Figure 4.2: The effect of as-cast a
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TEM image shown in Fig. 4.3c is har
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Figure 4.5:The power conversion eff
Page 97 and 98:
References [1] P. Peumans, S. Uchid
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1814(2005). [22] V. Shrotriya, G. L
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exciton dissociation at these inter
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Figure 5.1:(a) the squaraine/C 60 d
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A significant increase in V oc is o
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Figure 5.3: External quantum effici
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Figure 5.4: 3D atomic force microsc
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nanocrystalline growth as inferred
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References [1] T. Rousseau, A. Crav
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Chapter 6 Functionalized Squaraine
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6.2 Experiment of six squaraine/C 6
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6.3 Physical properties of six func
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Absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) 6.3
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π-stacked molecules (DPSQ) would b
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Figure 6.5: (a) Measured absorption
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Figure 6.6: Perspective atomic forc
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Current density (mA/cm 2 ) 20 15 On
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The FF versus incident power intens
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show defined spots, their intensity
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Current density (A/cm 2 ) phenyl gr
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Table 6.3: Performance of annealed
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References [1] C. V. Hoven, X. D. D
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Chapter 7 Conclusions and outlooks
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Figure 7.1: (a) Comparison of Curre
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size. This precise structural contr
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Figure 7.2: Absorption spectrum of
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Figure 7.3: Fill factor versus powe
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Figure 7.5: TEM image and selected
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7.2.4 Two squaraine donor blending
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7.2.5 Solvent annealing of function
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References [1] F. Yang, K. Sun, and
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second photon (~ 10 3 s -1 ), is ty
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e( x) Ec( x) n( x) Nc( x)exp kT
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Since the reverse saturation curren
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Here, is the quasi-Fermi-level spl
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then once again increases rapidly.
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Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 266
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L&M model, the limiting efficiency
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 3 List of Publications, Co
Page 175 and 176:
1. Guodan Wei, Xin Xiao, Siyi Wang,
Page 177:
circuit voltage using electron/hole
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