Chem3D Users Manual - CambridgeSoft
Chem3D Users Manual - CambridgeSoft
Chem3D Users Manual - CambridgeSoft
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• Cutoffs for electrostatic and van der Waals<br />
terms with 5th order polynomial switching<br />
function<br />
• Automatic pi system calculations when<br />
necessary<br />
• Torsional and non-bonded constraints<br />
<strong>Chem3D</strong> stores the parameters used for each of the<br />
terms in the potential energy function in tables.<br />
These tables are controlled by the Table Editor<br />
application, which allows viewing and editing of the<br />
parameters.<br />
Each parameter is classified by a Quality number.<br />
This number indicates the reliability of the data.<br />
The quality ranges from 4, where the data are<br />
derived completely from experimental data (or ab<br />
initio data), to 1, where the data are guessed by<br />
<strong>Chem3D</strong>.<br />
The parameter table, MM2 Constants, contains<br />
adjustable parameters that correct for failings of the<br />
potential functions in outlying situations.<br />
NOTE: Editing of MM2 parameters in the Table Editor<br />
should only be done with the greatest of caution by expert<br />
users. Within a force-field equation, parameters operate<br />
interdependently; changing one normally requires that others<br />
be changed to compensate for its effects.<br />
Bond Stretching Energy<br />
E Stretch<br />
=71.94K ∑(r−r<br />
Bonds s o<br />
) 2<br />
The bond stretching energy equation is based on<br />
Hooke's law. The K s parameter controls the<br />
stiffness of the spring’s stretching (bond stretching<br />
force constant), while r o defines its equilibrium<br />
length (the standard measurement used in building<br />
models). Unique K s and r o parameters are assigned<br />
to each pair of bonded atoms based on their atom<br />
types (C-C, C-H, O-C). The parameters are stored<br />
in the Bond Stretching parameter table. The<br />
constant, 71.94, is a conversion factor to obtain the<br />
final units as kcal/mole.<br />
The result of this equation is the energy<br />
contribution associated with the deformation of a<br />
bond from its equilibrium bond length.<br />
This simple parabolic model fails when bonds are<br />
stretched toward the point of dissociation. The<br />
Morse function would be the best correction for<br />
this problem. However, the Morse Function leads<br />
to a large increase in computation time. As an<br />
alternative, cubic stretch and quartic stretch<br />
constants are added to provide a result approaching<br />
a Morse-function correction.<br />
The cubic stretch term allows for an asymmetric<br />
shape of the potential well, allowing these long<br />
bonds to be handled. However, the cubic stretch<br />
term is not sufficient to handle abnormally long<br />
bonds. A quartic stretch term is used to correct<br />
problems caused by these very long bonds. With<br />
the addition of the cubic and quartic stretch term,<br />
the equation for bond stretching becomes:<br />
E Stretch<br />
=71.94 ∑[(r K−r Bonds s o<br />
) 2 +CS (r−r o<br />
) 3 +QS (r−r o<br />
) 4 ]<br />
Both the cubic and quartic stretch constants are<br />
defined in the MM2 Constants table.<br />
To precisely reproduce the energies obtained with<br />
Allinger’s force field: set the cubic and quartic<br />
stretching constant to “0” in the MM2 Constants<br />
tables.<br />
Angle Bending Energy<br />
E Bend<br />
=0.02191418 K ∑(θ−θ b o<br />
) 2<br />
Angles<br />
The bending energy equation is also based on<br />
Hooke’s law. The K b parameter controls the<br />
stiffness of the spring’s bending (angular force<br />
ChemOffice 2005/<strong>Chem3D</strong> Computation Concepts • 137<br />
Molecular Mechanics Theory in Brief