Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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Hypertonic Alterations - Related to sodium gain or water loss • Hypernatremia – Serum sodium >146 mmol/L – Water movement from the ICF to the ECF • Intracellular dehydration – Manifestations: • Convulsions, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, etc. • Water deficit - Dehydration - Renal free water clearance - Manifestations: – Tachycardia, weak pulses – Elevated hematocrit and serum sodium level Hypotonic Alterations - Related to Hyponatremia or free water excess • Hyponatremia - Serum sodium level
Electrolytes • Chloride (Cl - ) - 95-103 mmol/L – Major ECF anion • helps balance osmotic potential and electrostatic equilibrium between fluid compartments • plasma membranes tend to be leaky to Cl - anions – Regulation: aldosterone – Homeostatic imbalances • Hypochloremia - results in muscle spasms, coma (usually occurs with hyponatremia) often due to prolonged vomiting (elevated sweat chloride diagnostic of Cystic Fibrosis) Electrolytes • Potassium (K + ) – Major ICF cation, concentration maintained by the Na + /K + pump • intracellular 120-125 mmol/L • plasma 3.5-5.0 mmol/L – Very important role in resting membrane potential (RMP) and in action potentials = essential for transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction • Changes in pH affect K + balance – Hydrogen ions accumulate in the ICF during states of acidosis. K + shifts out to maintain a balance of cations across the membrane. • Aldosterone, insulin, and catecholamines influence serum potassium levels • Homeostatic imbalances • Hypokalemia • Hyperkalemia
Page 1 and 2: Fluid balance and electrolyte distr
Page 3 and 4: Water Largest single chemical compo
Page 5 and 6: Water balance - Sources for 2500 ml
Page 7 and 8: Osmotic Equilibrium Plasma Osmolari
Page 9: Regulating Fluid Intake Thirst Thir
Page 12 and 13: Osm V PB ADH Factors affecting ADH
Page 14 and 15: Atrial natriuretic peptide 28-amino
Page 18 and 19: • Hypokalemia - Potassium level 5
Page 20 and 21: Electrolytes • Magnesium (Mg 2+ )
Page 22 and 23: • Acidosis - High blood [H + ] -
Page 24 and 25: Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Aci
Page 26 and 27: Electrolytes • Sodium (Na + ) - 1
Page 28 and 29: Hyponatremia ! - water moves into c
Page 30 and 31: Hyperchloremia with normonatreia 1.
Page 32 and 33: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) - Most abundant io
Page 34 and 35: Acid-Base Balance • Normal metabo

Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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