Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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Electrolytes • Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) – 2 nd most abundant intracellular electrolyte, 0.8-1.3 mmol/L in plasma • more than half is stored in bone, most of the rest in ICF (cytoplasm) • important enzyme cofactor; involved in neuromuscular activity, nerve transmission in CNS, and myocardial functioning – Homeostatic imbalance • Hypomagnesemia - Associated with hypocalcemia and hypokalemia, Neuromuscular irritability,Tetany, Convulsions, Hyperactive reflexes vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias • Hypermagnesemia - Muscle weakness, Hypotension, Respiratory depression, Lethargy, drowsiness, Bradycardia Acid-Base Balance • Normal metabolism produces H + (acidity) • Three Homeostatic mechanisms: – Buffer systems - instantaneous; temporary – Exhalation of CO 2 - operates within minutes; cannot completely correct serious imbalances – Kidney excretion - can completely correct any imbalance (eventually) • Buffer Systems – Consists of a weak acid and the salt of that acid which functions as a weak base
Acid-Base Balance • Carbonic Acid - Bicarbonate Buffer – A weak base (carbonic anhydrase) H + + HCO 3- ⇔ H 2 CO 3 ⇔ H 2 O + CO 2 • Phosphate Buffer NaOH + NaH 2 PO 4 ⇔ H 2 O + Na 2 HPO 4 HCl + Na 2 HPO 4 ⇔ NaCl + NaH 2 PO 4 • Protein Buffer (resp. hemoglobin & albumin) Most abundant buffer in body cells and plasma Amino acids have amine group (proton acceptor = weak base) and a carboxyl group (proton donor = weak acid) Acid-Base Balance • CNS and peripheral chemoreceptors control changes in blood pH • Increased [H + ] causes immediate hyperventilation and later increased renal secretion of [H + ] and [NH 4+ ] • Decreased [H + ] causes immediate hypoventilation and later decreased renal secretion of [H + ] and [NH 4+ ]
Page 1 and 2: Fluid balance and electrolyte distr
Page 3 and 4: Water Largest single chemical compo
Page 5 and 6: Water balance - Sources for 2500 ml
Page 7 and 8: Osmotic Equilibrium Plasma Osmolari
Page 9: Regulating Fluid Intake Thirst Thir
Page 12 and 13: Osm V PB ADH Factors affecting ADH
Page 14 and 15: Atrial natriuretic peptide 28-amino
Page 16 and 17: Hypertonic Alterations - Related to
Page 18 and 19: • Hypokalemia - Potassium level 5
Page 22 and 23: • Acidosis - High blood [H + ] -
Page 24 and 25: Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Aci
Page 26 and 27: Electrolytes • Sodium (Na + ) - 1
Page 28 and 29: Hyponatremia ! - water moves into c
Page 30 and 31: Hyperchloremia with normonatreia 1.
Page 32 and 33: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) - Most abundant io
Page 34 and 35: Acid-Base Balance • Normal metabo

Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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