Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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Electrolytes • Sodium (Na + ) - 136-146 mmol/liter – Most abundant cation • major ECF cation (90% of cations present) • determines osmolarity of ECF Plasma OSM = 2[Na + ] + 2[K + ] + [Urea] + [Glucose] – Regulation • Aldosterone • ADH • ANP – Homeostatic imbalances • Hyponatremia • Hypernatremia Hypertonic Alterations - Related to sodium gain or water loss • Hypernatremia – Serum sodium >146 mmol/L – Intake of hypertonic salt solution – Water movement from the ICF to the ECF • Intracellular dehydration – Manifestations: in consequence of cell dehydration • Excitability, convulsions, or on the other hand drowsiness accompanying with pulmonary edema, tachycardia, etc. • Water deficit - Dehydration (osmotic diuresis at glycosuria (diabetes), gastrointestinal losses-osmotic diarrhea, infectious enteritis, high fever, burn injury, elevated perspiration) - Renal free water clearance - Manifestations: – Tachycardia, weak pulses – Elevated hematocrit and serum sodium level
Hypernatremia Serum sodium >160 mmol/L in 60 % lethal Therapy: at water deficit – isotonic solutions (physiological saline solution) or slightly hypotonic (2/3 F) at normovolemia or hypervolemia – thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, decreasing of electrolytes reabsorption in renal tubules) and 5% glucose frequent monitoring of electrolyte plasma level during the treatment, avoid to fast reestablishment of the electrolyte level (max 1-2 mmol/L/h and 12 mmol/L/day Hypotonic Alterations - Related to Hyponatremia or free water excess • Hyponatremia - Serum sodium level
Page 1 and 2: Fluid balance and electrolyte distr
Page 3 and 4: Water Largest single chemical compo
Page 5 and 6: Water balance - Sources for 2500 ml
Page 7 and 8: Osmotic Equilibrium Plasma Osmolari
Page 9: Regulating Fluid Intake Thirst Thir
Page 12 and 13: Osm V PB ADH Factors affecting ADH
Page 14 and 15: Atrial natriuretic peptide 28-amino
Page 16 and 17: Hypertonic Alterations - Related to
Page 18 and 19: • Hypokalemia - Potassium level 5
Page 20 and 21: Electrolytes • Magnesium (Mg 2+ )
Page 22 and 23: • Acidosis - High blood [H + ] -
Page 24 and 25: Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Aci
Page 28 and 29: Hyponatremia ! - water moves into c
Page 30 and 31: Hyperchloremia with normonatreia 1.
Page 32 and 33: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) - Most abundant io
Page 34 and 35: Acid-Base Balance • Normal metabo

Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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