Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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Acid-Base Balance • Normal metabolism produces H + (acidity) • Three Homeostatic mechanisms: – Buffer systems - instantaneous; temporary – Exhalation of CO 2 - operates within minutes; cannot completely correct serious imbalances – Kidney excretion - can completely correct any imbalance (eventually) • Buffer Systems – Consists of a weak acid and the salt of that acid which functions as a weak base Acid-Base Balance • Carbonic Acid - Bicarbonate Buffer – A weak base (carbonic anhydrase) H + + HCO 3- ⇔ H 2 CO 3 ⇔ H 2 O + CO 2 • Phosphate Buffer NaOH + NaH 2 PO 4 ⇔ H 2 O + Na 2 HPO 4 HCl + Na 2 HPO 4 ⇔ NaCl + NaH 2 PO 4 - mainly intracellularly, during acidemia proton is bound, during alkalemia proton is released via cell membrane K + /H + antiporter • Protein Buffer (resp. albumin & hemoglobin ) Amino acids have amine group (proton acceptor = weak base) and a carboxyl group (proton donor = weak acid) hemoglobin- oxyhemoglobin systém, where oxyhemoglobin is stronger acid than hemoglobin (proton is more simply released)
Acid-Base balance systems in blood 1. Carbonic Acid - Bicarbonate Buffer 53 % 2. Hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin 35 % 3. Plasma proteins 7 % 4. Phosphate buffers 5 % plasma pH 7.37-7.43 Examples: Prescribe infusion therapy for mineral blood alteration: a) 70 kg man with polyuria 3.5 L/d, plasma [K + ] = 2.8 mmol/L, urine [K + ] = 13 mmol/L and with normal levels of other minerals and normal blood pH b) 60 kg woman with plasma [Cl - ] = 78 mmol/L with normal levels of other minerals and blood pH 7.52, pCO 2 6.5 kPa, BE +4.2 and normal renal function
Page 1 and 2: Fluid balance and electrolyte distr
Page 3 and 4: Water Largest single chemical compo
Page 5 and 6: Water balance - Sources for 2500 ml
Page 7 and 8: Osmotic Equilibrium Plasma Osmolari
Page 9: Regulating Fluid Intake Thirst Thir
Page 12 and 13: Osm V PB ADH Factors affecting ADH
Page 14 and 15: Atrial natriuretic peptide 28-amino
Page 16 and 17: Hypertonic Alterations - Related to
Page 18 and 19: • Hypokalemia - Potassium level 5
Page 20 and 21: Electrolytes • Magnesium (Mg 2+ )
Page 22 and 23: • Acidosis - High blood [H + ] -
Page 24 and 25: Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Aci
Page 26 and 27: Electrolytes • Sodium (Na + ) - 1
Page 28 and 29: Hyponatremia ! - water moves into c
Page 30 and 31: Hyperchloremia with normonatreia 1.
Page 32 and 33: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) - Most abundant io

Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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