Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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• Hypokalemia - Potassium level 5.5 mmol/L - Caused by increased intake, shift of K+ from ICF, decreased renal excretion, insulin deficiency, or cell trauma - Mild attacks - Hypopolarized membrane, causing neuromuscular irritability, Tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea - Severe attacks - The cell is not able to repolarize, resulting in muscle weakness, loss or muscle tone Electrolytes • Calcium (Ca 2+ ) – Most abundant ion in body • plasma 2.3-2.6 mmol/L • most stored in bone (98%) as hydroxyapatite - Necessary for structure of bones and teeth, blood clotting, hormone secretion, and cell receptor function - Regulation: • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - ↑ blood Ca 2+ • Calcitonin (CT) - ↓ blood Ca 2+ – Homeostatic imbalances: • Hypocalcemia - muscle cramps, convulsions • Hypercalcemia - vomiting, cardiovascular symptoms, coma; prolonged abnormal calcium deposition, e.g., stone formation
Electrolytes • Phosphate (H 2 PO 4- , HPO 4 2- , PO 4 3- ) – Important ICF anions; plasma 1.7-2.6 mmol/L • most (85%) is stored in bone as calcium salts • also combined with lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and high energy phosphate transport compound • important acid-base buffer in body fluids – Regulation - regulated in an inverse relationship with Ca 2+ by PTH and calcitonin and Vitamin D (If the concentration of one increases, that of the other decreases) – Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - Increases plasma calcium levels – Vitamin D = Fat-soluble steroid - Increases calcium absorption from the GI tract – Calcitonin - Decreases plasma calcium levels – Homeostatic imbalances • Phosphate concentrations shift oppositely from calcium concentrations and symptoms are usually due to the related calcium excess or deficit Hypophosphatemia and Hyperphosphatemia • Hypophosphatemia – Osteomalacia (soft bones) – Muscle weakness – Bleeding disorders (platelet impairment) – Anemia – Leukocyte alterations • Hyperphosphatemia – High phosphate levels are related to the low calcium levels - Increased neuromuscular excitability (partial depolarization) - Muscle cramps
Page 1 and 2: Fluid balance and electrolyte distr
Page 3 and 4: Water Largest single chemical compo
Page 5 and 6: Water balance - Sources for 2500 ml
Page 7 and 8: Osmotic Equilibrium Plasma Osmolari
Page 9: Regulating Fluid Intake Thirst Thir
Page 12 and 13: Osm V PB ADH Factors affecting ADH
Page 14 and 15: Atrial natriuretic peptide 28-amino
Page 16 and 17: Hypertonic Alterations - Related to
Page 20 and 21: Electrolytes • Magnesium (Mg 2+ )
Page 22 and 23: • Acidosis - High blood [H + ] -
Page 24 and 25: Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Aci
Page 26 and 27: Electrolytes • Sodium (Na + ) - 1
Page 28 and 29: Hyponatremia ! - water moves into c
Page 30 and 31: Hyperchloremia with normonatreia 1.
Page 32 and 33: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) - Most abundant io
Page 34 and 35: Acid-Base Balance • Normal metabo

Fluid balance and electrolyte distribution in human body.

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