Eric lippert - Amazon Web Services

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ASP.NET WEB API Head First Into ASP.NET Web API - Media Formatters Suprotim Agarwal introduces ASP.NET Web API briefly before walking us through what are Media Formatters in Web API and how to build one for ourselves ASP.NET Web API is a framework that makes it easy to build HTTP services on top of the .NET framework Microsoft introduced ASP.NET Web API as a lightweight HTTP based web services framework with the launch of Visual Studio 2012 and .NET Framework 4.5. Prior to Web API, communicating over HTTP in Microsoft’s dev stack was a colorful mess comprising of WS-* stack. There were other third party libraries that were built ground up on .NET, like ServiceStack. With Web API, Microsoft took a clean break and built a framework that stuck to the basics of HTTP without introducing any complicated stubbing or end point proxies. After a long period of incubation in the WCF team, the Web API team was merged with the ASP.NET MVC team. A lot of the final Web API’s end point implementations thus mimic MVC. If all this HTTP service talk sounds confusing, let’s see if this diagram helps. 62 | DNCmagazine www.dotnetcurry.com
• In the diagram we just saw, a user is sitting at the computer and types in a URL in the browser. Notice that apart from the URL he also types in /suprotimagarwal which tells the server ‘something’. • The browser sends this request over HTTP to (GET) the actual site. The discovery process of www.twitter.com leverages the routing mechanism of the internet and it happens over port 80 using HTTP. • The request is eventually sent to the Twitter server where it is processed by a web application running a service on top of HTTP at port 80. • This service then interprets ‘suprotimagarwal’ in the URL as a request to GET (as in the HTTP request keyword) the profile of suprotimagarwal. Thus it makes appropriate backend calls to retrieve the user profile data and sends it back to the requestor. In this case the user’s browser renders the data that came in. Note, sometimes, the raw data may not be sent back, instead the data is used to build the respective view and the complete view (in html) may be returned, but in context of Web API, it’s not a view, only the data. Keep the term ‘Content Type Negotiation’ in mind, we will circle back to it in the next section. Overall the idea of Web API is to offer services that work seamlessly over HTTP as we saw above. This is a great way to build public APIs for multiple client platforms. Http and Content Types Whenever we think of HTTP URLs and web browsers, we picture HTML being received by the browser and then rendered. However, there are instances when our browser renders an image by itself, or plays music or shows a PDF document in the browser itself. These are instances where data/content other than html was sent over and the browser ‘understood’ the ‘Content Type’ and acted appropriately. For example, if we have link to a PDF and the browser has a plugin for it, it can directly display the PDF (in browser). When you build Web API based services, you can return data as JSON by default. However you can send out other types of content as well. For example, if you are sending out Calendar information, you can send it out as an iCal, when sending out graphs data you can send out the rendered image and so on. What type of data is acceptable to the client and what can the server provide is a ‘negotiation’ that happens between the client and the server before either a content type is agreed upon or a 406 (Not Acceptable) error is sent by the server implying, it cannot provide data in any of the requested Content Types. Media Formatters and Content Types As I mentioned briefly above, Web API services return data in JSON or XML. This is because the data returned by the Controller is converted into JSON or XML by a component referred to as Media Formatter. Web API has two of these out of the box, no points for guessing they are for JSON and XML formats. DNcmagazine www.dotnetcurry.com | 63
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