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Figure 2.2: Hydrogen Storage Gaps: Status vs. Targets 70 Ultimate Volumetric Capacity (g/L) 60 50 40 30 20 10 complex hydride chemical hydride C-sorbent 350 bar cryocompressed 700 bar compressed hydrogen "Learning Demos" Revised DOE system targets 2015 liquid hydrogen 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gravimetric Capacity (wt%) Source: U.S. Department of Energy. 2008. Office of Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies Program, FY 2008 Annual Progress Report , Hydrogen Program, p. 439, available at http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/annual_progress08.html as of Feb. 16, 2010. Fuel and Vehicle Supply Today, alternative fuels account for only 2 percent of the nation’s transportation fuels. According to research done by RITA’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, alternative fuels in 2006 provided about 5 billion of the roughly 184 billion gasoline equivalent gallons needed to move our citizens and commerce. Most transportation fuels are destined for the nation’s 238.1 million light vehicles and 9.3 million commercial trucks and buses. 3 Figure 2.3 shows a timeline for transitioning to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The figure reflects a variety of factors including fuel supply and the time drivers normally own their vehicles. These vehicles include HEV - Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV - Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, FECV - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, FPBEV – Full Performance Battery Electric Vehicle, H2ICV – Hydrogen Internal Combustion Vehicle, CEV – City Battery Electric Vehicle, NEV – Neighborhood Battery Electric Vehicle, FCAPUV – Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit Vehicles. Figure 2.4 shows the current mix of U.S. fuels used to power vehicles. At present the United States uses about 140 billion gasoline-equivalent gallons. Of this total, only 41,000 gasoline-equivalent gallons are derived from hydrogen. 3 Totals are from 2005 data compiled by Federal Highway Administration and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Challenges of Building a Hydrogen Infrastructure 13
Figure 2.3: 2007 Zero Emission Vehicle Panel’s Vehicle Projections Source: National Research Council. 2008. Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies—A Focus on Hydrogen, p. 40. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. 14 Challenges of Building a Hydrogen Infrastructure
Page 1 and 2: REPORT TO CONGRESS: CHALLENGES OF B
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements This report is a h
Page 5 and 6: ►► Commercial sector • Market
Page 8 and 9: Background Building the nation’s
Page 10 and 11: In figure 1.3 below, the State of C
Page 12: Figure 1.6: Timeframe to Achieve Lo
Page 15: Technology is just one of the chall
Page 19 and 20: According to the NRC, hydrogen fuel
Page 21 and 22: Storage technologies under developm
Page 23 and 24: hydrogen refueling sites will be at
Page 25 and 26: Sa f e t y a n d Em e r g e n c y R
Page 27 and 28: tional standards and help resolve c
Page 29 and 30: to support 220 million vehicles. Th
Page 31 and 32: Land Use & Site Planning Public Per
Page 34 and 35: Federal Progress to Date Table 3.1
Page 36 and 37: FTA FTA is working with DOE on abou
Page 38 and 39: According to DOE, the cost of produ
Page 40: Fe d e r a l In t e r a g e n c y C
Page 43 and 44: ers and retailers, consumers, and g
Page 45 and 46: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs
Page 47 and 48: ►► Sustained commitment Program
Page 49 and 50: Map 4: Geographic Distribution of N
Page 52 and 53: Appendix B—Comparison of Alternat
Page 54 and 55: Appendix C—International Hydrogen
Page 56: Denmark • As reported by the Hydr
Page 59 and 60: CA Los Angeles BP LAX Airport Hydro
Page 61 and 62: MI Detroit NextEnergy Center Hydrog
Page 63 and 64: List of Acronyms and Abreviations S

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