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Background Building the nation’s rail and highway infrastructures were not easy tasks. It took decades of commitment and investment by government and the private sector. As summarized in figure 1.1, the nation’s railroad system took over three decades of active Federal investment through land grants. The national road system took three decades of Federal planning and three decades of Federal investment. The first automobile was manufactured in the United States in 1893. Through strictly private investment, it took more than 25 years to establish a national network of fueling stations. Figure 1.1: Building the U.S. Rail & Highway Infrastructure 1832 First train runs in US 1830 First track laid in US 1850 – 1871 Congress Grants 143M acres to Rails For transcontinental system - 12% of Total Lands granted 1869 First transcontinental line completed 1850 Congress Begins Land Grants 1871 Congress End Land Grants 1924 - 1991 National Road System Planned and Interstate System completed Total Cost $128.9B, Federal Share $114.3B 1907/8 First gas stations open in US 1956 Congress creates 1893 First car made in US Interstate system 1924 - 1926 First National Road System Planned for US 1957 - 1991 Instate System constructed Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, 2009. Challenges of Building a Hydrogen Infrastructure 5
Ro l e o f Hy d r o g e n The national interest in creating a hydrogen infrastructure reflects the potential role hydrogen could play in meeting the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by mid-century. Without hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells helping to power transportation, the Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that attaining this goal will slip from mid-century to about 2075 or later. As shown in figure 1.2, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) estimates 63 percent of GHG come from fuel combustion and 98 percent of transportation fuel is fossil-based. For 2008, the Energy Information Administration estimates the total for fossil-based transportation fuel at 99 percent. Figure 1.2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2005 63% CO2 – Fuel Consumption HFC, IPFC + SF6 1% All Others 2% CH4 Waste 3% 1% 2% CO2 Land Use & Other CH4 Ag. CH4 Energy 5% 3% 11% NO2 Ag. 7% 8% Source: Congressional Research Service graphic with estimates from International Energy Agency CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion 1971 -2005, 2007, on-line database as of Jan. 16, 2008. 6 Challenges of Building a Hydrogen Infrastructure
Page 1 and 2: REPORT TO CONGRESS: CHALLENGES OF B
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements This report is a h
Page 5 and 6: ►► Commercial sector • Market
Page 10 and 11: In figure 1.3 below, the State of C
Page 12: Figure 1.6: Timeframe to Achieve Lo
Page 15 and 16: Technology is just one of the chall
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.3: 2007 Zero Emission Vehi
Page 19 and 20: According to the NRC, hydrogen fuel
Page 21 and 22: Storage technologies under developm
Page 23 and 24: hydrogen refueling sites will be at
Page 25 and 26: Sa f e t y a n d Em e r g e n c y R
Page 27 and 28: tional standards and help resolve c
Page 29 and 30: to support 220 million vehicles. Th
Page 31 and 32: Land Use & Site Planning Public Per
Page 34 and 35: Federal Progress to Date Table 3.1
Page 36 and 37: FTA FTA is working with DOE on abou
Page 38 and 39: According to DOE, the cost of produ
Page 40: Fe d e r a l In t e r a g e n c y C
Page 43 and 44: ers and retailers, consumers, and g
Page 45 and 46: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs
Page 47 and 48: ►► Sustained commitment Program
Page 49 and 50: Map 4: Geographic Distribution of N
Page 52 and 53: Appendix B—Comparison of Alternat
Page 54 and 55: Appendix C—International Hydrogen
Page 56: Denmark • As reported by the Hydr
Page 59 and 60:
CA Los Angeles BP LAX Airport Hydro
Page 61 and 62:
MI Detroit NextEnergy Center Hydrog
Page 63 and 64:
List of Acronyms and Abreviations S
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