FoxHershockMappingCommunities

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EFFECTIVE MAPS FOR PLANNING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE AND LIVELIHOODS commercial enterprises as mining and agricultural firms. GIS Another problem the NTFP has faced is that most villagers maps are necessary because they can be legally recognized only speak their local language—Kreung, Tumpoun, or as an accurate representation of the village and its Kavet. This makes it difficult for the facilitators or trainers, resources. who only speak Khmer, to conduct training. The NTFP uses local people who can speak Khmer as translators but some Villagers acknowledged that not many people outside of the things are lost in translation, especially the meaning of NRM committees and the few people who have joined NTFP technical words for which there are no translation in the training sessions understand maps or mapping. Women do local languages. not understand mapping because it is outside their sphere of knowledge and hence they are not able to make effective Study results also suggest that younger people find it contributions. Few villagers have had any schooling and this relatively easy to understand sketch maps. During the sketch makes technical training difficult. In addition, the NTFP did mapping process in Kachon Commune, for example, the not conduct many training sessions, and the time between young people were divided into a separate group. This trainings was quite long. In Krola Village, for example, the group quickly became familiar with their map. Younger NTFP last conducted a mapping training in 2000–2001. people have also generally had more education and can read When we returned to the village to interview members of the Khmer. Even young people who did not join the mapping NRM committee in early 2004, we found only a few people activities still understand sketch maps because of their better who still remembered their training and who could explain Khmer language literacy. Other villagers, however, had the symbols used in the sketch map for demarcating features difficulty understanding these maps. In particular many and many who could not. In Kachon Commune, twelve villagers had difficulties with the concept of scale and the members of the NRM committee received GPS training from difference between the sketch and GIS topographic maps. NTFP mapping trainers. Three of All the villagers interviewed cited the these people later taught the NRM need to display both sketch and GIS committee members in Koh Peak Case Study community how to use GPS. Mr. Oum Mean, NRM committee member from Kachon Commune, All the villagers we interviewed who trained seventeen members of the were not members of NRM Koh Peak NRM committee to use committees stated they did not GPS. At least three of these people understand maps or mapping can use GPS to collect information activities. We feel this is because they (including one woman) and five of were not able to join meetings and these people understand how to use mapping training courses. One GPS but did not feel comfortable respondent acknowledged the need operating it by themselves. to display a sketch map in the village, but could not understand the map himself. This suggests that people who have to spend most of their time in their swidden fields and who are not able to attend meetings are disadvantaged in terms of learning how to read and use maps. 35 maps in their villages even though some villagers could not understand either of them. When respondents were asked how maps help villagers, many responded that they found maps useful for decreasing land disputes and land conflicts with outsiders and for stopping forest concession companies from using their lands. In Krola Village, for example, the Taiwanese HERO Company had a forest concession agreement with the Cambodian government but did not follow the forest law. The company illegally cut down many kinds of trees. Villagers did not agree with the activities of the company and some villagers used GPS and sketch maps to map the locations of the
illegal logging activities and to show them to the district and provincial authorities. Since then the company has ceased its illegal activities. In another example, Cham Ya Kouk, tribal chief of Krola Village people from Pok Village came to the forests of Toeun Commune to members of the NTFP staff. NTFP staff members do not yet clear forest for swidden farms causing conflict between the have sufficient capacity to assist with anything other than two villages. In 2003 villagers from Toeun mapped these sketch map training in target villages. The survey showed lands and took the maps to Pok Village for discussion. Since that two out of three team leaders can read and understand then these conflicts have been resolved. maps and map information and approximately three or four NTFP staff members can understand and read maps. They What do NTFP staff members want have gained this knowledge through participation in the When we asked what NTFP staff members sought to meetings facilitated by the NTFP technical staff member. achieve we received various answers. NTFP team leaders Staff members and NTFP team leaders have also received hope to facilitate the smooth implementation of village “on the job” training in reading maps and using GPS development activities. They seek to assist villagers in receivers. One team leader and one assistant do not drawing sketch maps, with special attention to zoning use understand maps even though they too have participated in areas, protected areas, burial areas, and boundaries these trainings. Some NTFP staff members do not speak between villages. They expect to conduct workshops the Khmer language fluently. But at present all NTFP field staff work very hard on sketch mapping and those “If we have no map, land disputes will increase.” who are not as good ask Mr. Oum Mean community member, of Kachon Commune for help from the technical staff member. Both maps are very good, and I need to display both of them in my village. I can remember the sketch map in my brain and the GIS map has many signs, colors, and marks on it and no one can understand it completely except clever people. assisting villagers with boundary definition, demarcating their territories as well as to gain recognition for these boundaries from commune, district, and provincial level authorities. They also seek to help villagers develop regulations and by-laws for managing land within the areas demarcated on the sketch map. Their major hope is to assist villagers in building capacity as quickly as possible to protect their lands and to assist villagers in communicating their regulations outlining management of areas for use and protection to all villagers and neighboring villages. Another objective of the NTFP mapping technician is to facilitate a better understanding of maps among other 36 According to NTFP staff members the first benefit of mapping has been to empower local communities to manage their natural resources better. In Kok Lak Commune, for example, NRM committee members used the map they produced from a topographic map showing the names of rivers, hills, and important sites to negotiate with Virachey National Park officials on land and forest management. In Kachon Village, another NRM committee member was able to teach NRM committee members from Koh Peak Commune how to map. These people were then able to collect GPS data by themselves.
Page 1 and 2: MAPPINGCOMMUNITIES ETHICS, VALUES,
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS vi vii viii 1 11
Page 5 and 6: ACRONYMS AMA: adaptive management a
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTION MAPPING POWER: IRONIC
Page 18 and 19: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTICIPATORY
Page 32 and 33: APPENDIX I: FORMAL INTERVIEWS AND G
Page 34: APPENDIX II: RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND
Page 37 and 38: land-use plans in various stages of
Page 39 and 40: egan to argue that these areas were
Page 41: conflicts. The NTFP also assists vi
Page 45 and 46: property is defined according to th
Page 47 and 48: the real outside pressure has not y
Page 49 and 50: 7. How well do NTFP staff members u
Page 51 and 52: further and further away from areas
Page 53 and 54: Methods Projecting aerial photograp
Page 55 and 56: RESEARCH QUESTIONS The underlying q
Page 57 and 58: In Samout Krom Village, villagers h
Page 59 and 60: who have not attended the sketch ma
Page 61 and 62: concrete sensorial experiences much
Page 63 and 64: CONCLUSION Based on mapping researc
Page 65 and 66: BACKGROUND According to the MIGIS p
Page 67 and 68: many schools, resulting in the clos
Page 69 and 70: members, the Beima, and villagers'
Page 71 and 72: tree cutting and animal grazing in
Page 73 and 74: the bio-gas project that was implem
Page 75 and 76: During the evaluation process we al
Page 77 and 78: 1 Mr. Zhao Yaqiao, Ms. Wu Chengrui,
Page 79 and 80: Events / Dates Bio-gas systems cons
Page 81 and 82: communities to take advantage of SI
Page 83 and 84: Hayfork based NGO focused on commun
Page 85 and 86: likely to be more knowledgeable abo
Page 87 and 88: planning processes, especially with
Page 89 and 90: and implement projects. Some NGOs a
Page 91 and 92: CONCLUSIONS SIT training provides p
Page 93 and 94:
REFERENCES California Fire Safe Cou
Page 95 and 96:
map strengthened the community's cl
Page 97 and 98:
1994 and 1995 with community mapper
Page 99 and 100:
to the mapping. These disagreements
Page 101 and 102:
CONCLUSIONS For too long now, the D
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIX B The table below lists th
Page 105 and 106:
uncritically or simply misused. As
Page 107 and 108:
However, the equipment acquired for
Page 109 and 110:
degrees in social sciences, agricul
Page 111 and 112:
photo: Martin Hardiono photo: Marti
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Herlihy, P. H., and G. K
Page 115 and 116:
eserve boundaries, develop a common
Page 117 and 118:
NGO that focused on facilitating co
Page 119 and 120:
left their organizations within a y
Page 121 and 122:
eadily use the available computer a
Page 123 and 124:
local capacity both in terms of ski
Page 125:
Nusa Tenggara Community Development
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