MANUAL SPORT ENVIRONMENT

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requires that env ironmental impac ts be avoided from the very outs et. If this is not
poss ible, s uc h impacts s hould be reduc ed or replaced by other produc ts,
management sys tems or technologies.
The "cradle to grave", or "life cycle ass ess ment" (LCA) princ iple should also be
adopted, together w ith the conc ept of "product stew ardship" w hich stipulates that all
the nec essary steps to minimiz e environmental impac ts be integrated into a product,
from the extraction of raw material, through the manufac turing process , use of
product, rec ov ery and reuse of w astes, to their ultimate dispos al.
• Corrective m easures
Environmental meas ures must als o be applied to reduc e effects both during and after
a sports event. This means recycling, eliminating and compensating.
The application of the "polluter pays" principle, although obv ious in its implications,
also provides an incentive to dev elop environmentally friendly products, us es and
approac hes. Suc h a principle mus t therefore be extended to all sports ev ents, w ith
compensation projects paying for env ironmental deterioration, preferably in the form
of restoration.
All the abov e princ iples may, by extens ion, be applied to organizational and
operational functions.
2.5.2 M ethodology
Events management refers to all ac tions necessary to plan, organize and stage a
sports event, w hatev er its s iz e. All types of ev ents may be considered:
• large-scale ev ents (Olympic Games, University Games, regional games, World
Cups and championships)
• national and loc al competitions
• univ ersity and school events
• professional sport
• recreational and training programmes
• outdoor education
Onc e the interested parties hav e been brought together, a cooperation proc ess
should ens ue. Depending on the size of the event, the organizers w ill develop a w ork
methodology, adding some items for a major event and w ithdraw ing others in the
event of smaller activities. A w ork methodology is proposed below .
Whatever the cas e, the follow ing steps should he taken:
• define the environmental state and the effects generated by the ev ent
• select objectives
• choos e w ays to achieve thos e objectiv es
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are proc esses w hich ass ist organiz ers in
planning and managing events in an environmentally sound manner. A n EIA
examines the potential impacts of a project on different components of the