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are trying to see how to do that, whether it should be to grant them the right to marry or to have same-sex unions. We have to redefine the concept of marriage. Socialism should be a society that does not exclude anybody.” Castro Espín said that the proposal to add same-sex marriage to the Cuban Constitution will be taken up when that charter is next amended. “For now,” she added, “it is sufficient to reform the Family Code, which is recognized as a branch of Cuban law.” In her presentation on the last day of the international congress, Castro Espín emphasized, “The political will exists to eliminate all forms of discrimination in our laws.” “Laws by themselves are not sufficient for achieving real change,” she noted, but they are necessary to achieve forward momentum. Trans rights moving forward The proposed reforms to the Family Code also serve to bolster CENESEX’s 2004 national strategy to support the needs of transsexual and transgender Cubans. This plan, Castro Espín explained, “is already being put into effect.” (caribbean360.com) The plan involves winning greater acceptance in the educational system and consciousness-raising among the revolutionary security forces. Sex reassignment surgery—cost-free, like all forms of health care in Cuba—will be more available on request. Twenty-four transsexual Cubans, who have won support from CENESEX since 1979, have applied for surgery. Many of them have already had their identity documents amended. Some 40 other Cubans have applied for sex-reassignment. “Nearly everything is ready,” Castro Espín concluded. “An internal Public Health Ministry regulation has authorized the performance of this surgery by the specialized health services, and work has been carried out in training staff and acquiring technology, medical supplies and prosthetics.” Postscript: Cuba surpasses world on same-sex, trans right 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY Cuban strategy in the struggle against AIDS. Granma, September 18, 1988. Spotlight on Cuba’s strategy against HIV/AIDS. 2001. MEDICC review II (1,2). World Sexology Congress in Havana: Treading the path of human development. 2003. Granma International, March 19. Cuban parliamentary committees conclude 2005 review. Granma, December, 2005 Cuban soap opera with gay story lines draws to an end; some see show as increased acceptance. Advocate.com/Miami Herald 2006 [cited November 8. Available from http://216.239.51.104/ search?q=cache:AHKe5lKjbx0J:www.globalgayz.com/cuba-news03-06.html+Advocate+%22 Now,+as+the+show+draws+to+an+end,:%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&client= firefox-a. Cuban parliament to discuss free sex-changes. Diversity (Diversidad), February 13, 2007. Acosta, Dalia. A long-closed door opens for sexual diversity in Cuba. Inter Press Service (IPS) News Agency. 2004 [cited July 3. Available from http://mostlywater.org/rights_cuba_door_ opens_for_sexual_diversity. Aguilera, Elizabeth. AIDS: Cuba’s low HIV rate belies the stigma, ignorance many face. Denver Post, February 10, 2003. Arreola, Gerardo. Cuba divided on the issue of bisexuality. La Jornada, May 8, 2006. ———. Plans to authorize sex change operations and modifications in identity documents: Cuban Parliament considers legal recognition of the rights of transsexuals; Total endorsement from two commissions, says main promoter Mariela Castro. La Jornada, Jan. 9, 2006. Bejel, Emilio. 2001. Gay Cuban Nation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Berkowitz, Bill. Viva gay Cuba! Out and married in the increasingly tolerant Communist island. Workingforchange.com 2001 [cited July 13. Available from http://www.workingforchange. com/article.cfm?ItemID=11550. Betancourt, José Luis Estrada. 2006. Unseen faces (The hidden side of the moon). Juventud Rebelde, newspaper of the Unión de Jóvenes Comunistas (Union of Young Communists). Bjorklund, Eva. 2000. Homosexuality is not illegal in Cuba, but like elsewhere, homophobia persists. Swedish Cuba magazine quarterly, published by the Swedish-Cuban Association, Summer. Borge, Tomas. 1992. Face to Face with Fidel Castro: A Conversation with Tomás Borge: Ocean Press. Buchanan, Patrick. AIDS disease: it’s nature striking back. New York Post, May 24, 1983. Burton, Richard. 1886. The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Vol. I. Cabral, Juan Pérez. Gays wed in Cuba: the second revolution. theGully.com 2001 [cited June 21. Available from http://216.239.51.104/search?q=cache:ofJMmdKcg2IJ:www.thegully.com/ essays/cuba/010621gay_cuba.html+Cabral+Gays+wed+in+Cuba%3F&hl=en&ct=clnk& cd=1&gl=us&client=firefox-a. 104 Rainbow Solidarity in Defense of Cuba
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LESLIE FEINBERG Rainbow Solidarity
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The Lavender & Red series is dedica
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Cuba brought science, not scapegoat
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A special thanks to Workers World n
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INTRODUCTION “Rainbow Solidarity
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waging covert war and threatening o
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1970s Cold War gay-bashers condemn
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Anti-gay, anti-trans Inquisition in
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Rare Books and Manuscripts Division
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Colonial period in Cuba Bodies shac
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1950s Havana: Imperialist sexploita
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Unweaving the lies Why many Cuban g
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The two researchers point out that
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“Havana’s gay male underground
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As Washington and the Pentagon ratc
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Lumsden added, “There was competi
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“Taking those three categories in
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One youth concluded to Cardenal,
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In an October 2001 movie review abo
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not a repressive apparatus. Rather,
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Attempts to supplant that new, scie
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Fidel Castro metaphorically answere
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Arguelles and Rich revealed how U.S
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1980: Homosexuality ‘A visible fe
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The most common slur hurled at male
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illustrated texts, and educational
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Dealing with Aids Crisis Cuba mobil
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Capitalism and contraception The ye
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AIDS quarantine in Cuba Care & prev
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WW PHOTO Left to right: The late Mi
Page 68 and 69: Cuba brought science, not scapegoat
Page 70 and 71: Walter Lippmann Billboards aren’t
Page 72 and 73: U.S. imperialist blockade obstructe
Page 74 and 75: “Even in the face of the [U.S.] b
Page 76 and 77: Cuba and homosexuality Change appar
Page 78: Many men found each other in the da
Page 81 and 82: viewers. I don’t know. But at any
Page 84 and 85: ‘Gay Cuba’ Two Cuban-backed doc
Page 86 and 87: Sonja de Vries Cuban youth of all s
Page 88 and 89: La Güinera, Cuba Cross-gender perf
Page 90 and 91: Margarita Gilpin The documentary
Page 92 and 93: 1990s: Broadcasting education ‘to
Page 94 and 95: diseases, media campaigns on the HI
Page 96 and 97: Cuba’s CENESEX leads the way on s
Page 98 and 99: She has proposed that when the Cuba
Page 100 and 101: Fidel Castro backs effort Cuba’s
Page 102 and 103: Revolution takes work Mariel Castro
Page 104 and 105: Cuba: ‘Bringing revolution’s hu
Page 106 and 107: sciousness about sexual liberation,
Page 108 and 109: ‘Cuba: Estamos contigo!’ Rainbo
Page 110 and 111: Former political prisoners Laura Wh
Page 112 and 113: Australia, states, “I want to exp
Page 114 and 115: G. Dunkel First public event for Ra
Page 116 and 117: POSTSCRIPT: Cuba surpasses world on
Page 120 and 121: Cardenal, Ernesto. 1974. In Cuba. N
Page 122: Feinberg, hoisting flag aloft, at B
Page 125 and 126: 42. Hay studies ancient history, fi
Page 127 and 128: Cayo Cruz, 7 Centro Nacional de Edu
Page 129 and 130: “La Jiribilla,” 80, 106 La Jorn
Page 131: “Stone Butch Blues,” 107 Stonew
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