Maize in India: Production Systems, Constraints - AgEcon Search

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3 Table 2. Salient agro-climatic features of selected districts, India, 2001. Agro-ecological Mean annual Tempe- State District region rainfall (mm) rature ( 0 C) Topography † Soil type (scientific) Soil type (local) Traditional maize growing states Bihar Munger South Bihar Alluvial Plain 1,110 8-35 Normal, Diara Belt Alluvial heavy textured Sandy loam, clayey Siwan North West Alluvial Plain 1,211 7-36 Normal Alluvial light textured Loam, sandy loam Begusarai North West Alluvial Plain 1,214 11-33 Normal, Diara Belt Alluvial light textures Loam, sandy loam Madhya Chindwara Satpura Plateau 700-1,400 11-36 Normal, hilly Black clay loam Shallow medium black, Pradesh (Tamiya Block) gravelly, clayey Mandsaur Malwa Plateau 800-1,200 8-38 Normal Medium black Medium black, sandy loam, clayey loam, sandy Jhabua Jhabua 600-800 6-38 Hilly tract Sandy loam to sandy clay loam Red yellow, Rajasthan Banswara Humid South Plain 880 3-45 Normal Red, mixed red and black Mixed red, black, calcareous Bhilwara Sub-humid Southern Plain 700 2-46 Dry, normal Lithosols, alluvial Sandy, alluvial Udaipur Sub-humid Southern Plain 700 2-46 Dry, normal, hilly Lithosols, alluvial Sandy, loam, alluvial Uttar Behraich North Eastern Plain 1470 5-44 Normal Alluvial Clay loam, sandy loam, loam Pradesh Hardoi Central Plain 885-1160 6-42 Normal uplands Alluvial Sandy loam, calcareous, (eastern part) clay loam Bulandshar Western Plain 700 3-44 Normal, Doab between Alluvial Loam, sandy clayey Ganga and Yamuna rivers Non-traditional maize growing states Andhra Mahboob- Northern Telangana 900-1150 13-42 Normal Chalkas with small patches Sandy loam, black cotton soil Pradesh nagar of laterite soils, loamy Karimnagar Northern Telangana 900-1150 13-42 Normal Chalkas with small patches Sandy loam, black cotton soil of laterite soils, loamy Nizamabad Scarce Rainfall Zone 500-750 17-40 Normal, dry soils Chalkas, alfisols Loam, clayey and sandy soil, black cotton soils Karnataka Chitradurga Central Dry Zone 456-717 10-35 Normal Chalkas, loamy Red loam to deep black soils Dharwad Northern Dry Zone 465-786 11-38 Ridges, undulating land Granite, quartz, sand stone Black clay medium and sandy soil Belgaum Northern Dry Zone 465-786 12-40 Undulating land, plateau Granite, quartz, sand stone Black clay medium and sandy soil Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-India RRA Surveys, 2001. † Diara belt is the shallow riverbed, submerged during the rainy season; crop cultivation is done only when rainwater recedes. Doab area is the land between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers. Table 3. Salient socio-economic and technology adoption features in selected districts, India, 2001. Size of Gross cropped Maize Maize Irrigated % area Fertilizer Value of Agro-ecological land holding area (GCA) area area as % area to planted to use crop output State District region (ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) GCA † GCA † (%) HYVs ‡ (kg/ha) (Rs § /ha) Traditional maize growing states Bihar Munger South Bihar Alluvial Plain 0.71 186.0 44.6 23.9 40.5 na 48.7 3,407 Siwan North West Alluvial Plain 0.68 274.9 27.0 9.8 51.8 na 37.8 7,018 Begusarai North West Alluvial Plain 0.50 198.7 78.0 39.3 48.8 na 142.4 5,312 Madhya Chindwara Satpura Plateau 2.00 593.4 50.2 8.5 14.0 98.0 25.6 7,709 Pradesh Mandsaur Malwa Plateau 2.53 831.0 90.5 10.9 24.2 25.0 51.5 8,062 Jhabua Jhabua 2.12 459.0 104.7 22.8 13.3 38.0 21.7 3,595 Rajasthan Banswara Humid South Plain 1.65 339.7 113.4 33.4 24.2 65.0 55.3 4,466 Bhilwara Sub-humid Southern Plain 2.02 532.6 170.5 32.1 41.5 58.4 46.3 7,025 Udaipur Sub-humid Southern Plain 1.62 375.7 157.9 42.1 33.3 53.4 25.2 5,317 Uttar Pradesh Behraich North Eastern Plain 0.87 698.5 400.3 57.3 19.9 82.6 38.9 5,541 Hardoi Central Plain 0.89 329.5 52.9 16.1 60.4 60.3 45.9 8,972 Bulandshar Western Plain 1.23 281.7 100.4 35.6 95.8 94.2 93.8 10,247 Non-traditional maize growing states Andhra Mahboob- Northern Telangana 2.23 703.0 46.6 9.8 67.4 85.4 197.2 11,618 Pradesh nagar Karimnagar Northern Telangana 1.30 476.0 97.6 28.8 94.4 76.5 224.8 13,049 Nizamabad Scarce rainfall zone 1.30 338.0 62.8 8.9 25.1 90.5 71.9 4,854 Karnataka Chitradurga Central dry zone 2.44 694.1 110.0 15.8 23.9 95.5 78.3 14,852 Dharwad Northern dry zone 2.90 1,331.3 112.2 8.4 13.8 82.6 50.3 3,563 Belgaum Northern dry zone 2.38 1,015.2 88.6 8.7 32.8 78.8 64.4 10,194 Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-India RRA Surveys, 2001. † GCA = Gross cropped area. ‡ HYVs = High yielding varieties. § US$ 1.00 = Indian Rs. 44.00 (May 2004). na = not applicable.
4 2. Maize Production Trends and Systems 2.1 Maize Production Trends Production of cereals other than rice and wheat stagnated during the 1980s and declined marginally during the 1990s (Table 4). During these two decades, maize performed better than other important coarse cereals (barley, sorghum, and pearl millet). Production of maize continued to increase and reached 11.5 million tons in 1999/2000, from a mere 4.1 million tons in 1960/61 and 7.5 million tons in 1970/71 (Figure 2), mainly due to a notable rise in its yield levels. Maize yields went up from 1.1 t/ha in the triennium average ending (TE) 1981/82 to 1.7 t/ha in TE 1998/99. The maize area also gradually expanded from about 4.4 million ha in TE 1960/61 to 5.9 million ha in TE 1980/81 and 6.2 million ha in TE 1998/99 (Table 5 and Figure 3). Table 4. Annual compound growth rates (%) of area, production, and yield of maize, coarse cereals, and food grains in India. 1981-90 1991-99 Commodity Production Area Yield Production Area Yield Rice 3.62 0.41 3.19 1.90 0.62 1.27 Wheat 3.57 0.46 3.10 3.81 1.67 2.11 Maize 1.89 -0.20 2.09 2.55 0.84 1.69 Coarse cereals 0.40 -1.34 1.62 1.48 -0.54 -0.08 Food grains 2.85 -0.23 2.74 1.94 -0.17 1.52 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI (various issues). Production (m tons) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2000 Year Figure 2. Maize production in India, 1961/2000. Area (m ha) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2000 Year Figure 3. Maize area in India, 1961/2000. Table 5. Maize production, area, and yield in selected states of India. Production (000 tons) Area (000 ha) Yield (kg/ha) State † TE 1981 TE 1991 TE 1999 TE 1981 TE 1991 TE 1999 TE 1981 TE 1991 TE 1999 Traditional maize growing states Bihar 807.9 1,172.6 1,371.8 854.1 684.8 718.6 946.7 1,709.0 1,897.7 Madhya Pradesh 674.7 1,185.7 1,075.4 772.6 877.8 843.9 873.3 1,350.0 1,276.0 Rajasthan 704.9 1,128.6 1,090.2 899.5 958.8 946.1 780.0 1,176.7 1,151.0 Uttar Pradesh 936.4 1,394.2 1,372.6 1,183.6 1,100.5 1,013.7 792.3 1,263.3 1,336.7 Non-traditional maize growing states Karnataka 392.0 733.6 1,643.3 149.0 261.5 528.6 2,630.9 2,805.6 3,108.7 Andhra Pradesh 583.8 456.6 1,216.0 314.1 308.3 400.5 1,858.8 1,481.2 3,036.2 All India 6,485.7 8,892.4 10,754.4 5,887.0 8,892.9 6,221.5 1,100.0 1,530.0 1,730.0 Source: Derived from Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (2000) - agriculture, CMIE, New Delhi. † TE: Triennium average ending.
Page 1 and 2: P.K. Joshi N.P. Singh N.N. Singh R.
Page 3 and 4: CIMMYT® (www.cimmyt.org) is an int
Page 5 and 6: iv Tables Page No. Table 1. Socio-e
Page 7 and 8: vi Acknowledgments This project was
Page 9: 2 Table 1. Socio-economic and infra
Page 13 and 14: 6 Egg production 7000 Maize product
Page 15 and 16: 8 2.2.3 Land and crop management pr
Page 17 and 18: 10 Table 11. Input use for maize pr
Page 19 and 20: 12 different types of maize varieti
Page 21 and 22: 14 lower than that of composites an
Page 23 and 24: 16 Regions were grouped into four c
Page 25 and 26: 18 3. Maize Production Constraints
Page 27 and 28: 20 3.2.2 Markets As in other develo
Page 29 and 30: 22 4.1.3 Lack of markets Due to ina
Page 31 and 32: 24 5. Agenda for Maize Research and
Page 33 and 34: 26 Table 24. Top 10 priority constr
Page 35 and 36: 28 If all research objectives (effi
Page 37 and 38: 30 6. Summary and Conclusions Durin
Page 39 and 40: 32 References Centre for Monitoring
Page 41 and 42: 34 Appendix 3. Maize cultivation ca
Page 43 and 44: 36 Appendix 4. Production constrain
Page 45 and 46: 38 Appendix 5. Production constrain
Page 47 and 48: 40 Appendix 6. Prioritization of bi
Page 49 and 50: 42 Appendix 7. Value of damage due

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