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26 Analysis of the agricultural situation in Azraq Basin German-Jordanian Programme “Management of Water Resources” Average efficiency of irrigation is estimated to reach 63% in Azraq area 38 . The development of localised irrigation systems started in the 1980s and early 1990s when modern irrigation was introduced, starting in the Jordan Valley and then transferred to the Highlands during the “Super Green Revolution” 39 . “The Super Green Revolution” is a term developed by El Musa (1994) to describe the fast growth of agricultural sector based on the adoption of innovations such as localised irrigation systems in the 1980s. Modern irrigation was indeed quickly adopted in vegetables and stone fruit trees farms, but many olive orchards remained with surface irrigation until 2004, when the motive for switching to localised irrigation was triggered by WAJ distributing the first water bills. Irrigation systems in Azraq Basin % of total irrigated area surveyed 4% 8% 43% 3% Virojet Sprinkler GR 39% 3% Open Tube Surface Pivot 3290 65% 1850 56% 420 6% 496 8% 1327 20% 1750 35% 1452 44% 2675 41% 430 7% North Badia (du) Jiza area (du) Azraq area (du) Figure 8. Repartition of irrigation systems in Azraq Basin according to the data collected in 59 field surveys. Despite widespread use of localised irrigation, most farmers do not use the full potential of their modern irrigation techniques (with the exception of the stone fruits farms with high technology in North Badia). Efficiency of irrigation networks is not maximal; as design is not optimal (efficiency of irrigation application is very low). In addition, knowledge of workers on the farms about irrigation is limited: pressure and flow, as well as irrigation uniformity, are notions that are not mastered. Irrigation is monitored by eye (full basin under the tree, colour of the soil when it is wet...). Filtration systems are often in bad conditions (rusted screens filters), when not absent. For small farms, irrigation material is of poor quality, as they cannot afford buying high quality brands. There is indeed no agricultural extension, and farmers are willing to be better informed about good irrigation practices and conservation methods. The choice of irrigation system is more the result of the influence of the neighbouring farmers than the result of an educated choice. Figure 9. Olive tree irrigated with Open Tube: water application with this management is similar to surface irrigation. 38 According to the percentage of the different irrigation systems and the assumed irrigation efficiency for each, as indicated p.4. 39 El Musa, 1994.
Analysis of the agricultural situation in Azraq Basin German-Jordanian Programme “Management of Water Resources” 27 4.3. Stratification of interviewed farms In the survey North sample, Badia combinations 0 - 49 of 50 crops - 149and 150 trees, - 299 300 as - well 600 as > 600 main du du du du du farms sizes differ between the 3 sub-regions: Olives North Badia Stone fruit North trees Badia Olives Olives Stone fruits + grapes+ olives Stone fruit trees Stone Stone fruits fruits (and trees + grapes+ olives olives or grapes) + Vegetables as cash crop Stone fruits (and + grapes+ olives olives or grapes) + Vegetables Stone Vegetables fruits (and as cash olives crop or grapes) + Vegetables Vegetables + as diversification Vegetables cash crop (stone fruit trees and/or olives) Vegetables + diversification (stone Vegetables fruit trees + diversification and/or olives) (stone fruit trees and/or olives) Jiza area Olives Jiza area Olives + livestock Jiza area Olives Vegetables Olives + livestock Vegetables + olives Vegetables Olives + livestock Vegetables + olives + livestock Vegetables + olives Stone fruits + grapes + olives Vegetables + olives + livestock 0 - 49 0 du - 49 du 0 - 49 du 0 - 49 du 0 - 249 du 2 2 50 - 149 150 - 299 50 - du149 150 du - 299 du 1 du 1 1 50 - 149 du 50 - 1149 du 50 - 149 du 1 1 In Stone Vegetables North fruits Badia + + olives grapes and + + livestock Jiza, oliveslarge farms are predominant, with 1 most farms 1 extending Stone fruits between + grapes 300 + olives to 600 du in North Badia, and very large 1farms (> 600 du) in Jiza associating horticulture with olive, but also smaller farms (0 to 150 du) of Azraq olive area trees, diversifying 0 - in 49 livestock 50 - 149for 150 the - 299 smaller 300 - (< 60050du). > 600 1 1 1 300 1 - 600 300 du - 600 2 1du 1 2 2 2 21 12 1 2 2 150 - 299 300 - 600 du du 150 - 299 300 - 1 600 du du 150 - 299 300 - 600 du du 1 1 1 1 1 1 > 600 > du 600 du du du du du du Olives Azraq area 0 - 149 50 - 6149 150 - 2299 300 - 600 > 600 2 du du du du du Olives + diversification with fruit trees Azraq area 0 - 49 50 - 149 150 - 299 300 - 600 > 600 Olives (grapes and/or palm trees and/or du 81 du 6 du 2 du du 2 Olives pomegranates + diversification and/or other with fruit fruit trees) 1 6 2 2 (grapes Olives + + and/or diversification specialisation palm trees with in fruit grapes and/or trees 8 pomegranates (grapes or pomegranates and/or other fruit trees) 2 1 and/or palm trees and/or 8 Olives pomegranates (+ + specialisation grapes and/or or other almond) fruit in grapes trees) 1 + livestock 2 1 2 or pomegranates + + specialisation alfalfa as cash in grapes Olives crop 2 or (+ fruit pomegranates (+ grapes or almond) trees and/or vegetables) 31 21 2 + livestock (+ + fodder grapes + or livestock almond) Olives 1 + livestock + alfalfa as cash crop trees) 1 1 (+ fruit and/or vegetables) 3 2 2 Olives Vegetables + alfalfa as cash crop Olives (+ fruit + trees fodder and/or + livestock vegetables) 3 21 2 (+ fruit trees) 1 1 Olives + fodder + livestock Vegetables (+ fruit trees) 1 1 1 Farms Vegetables are more diversified in Azraq, where the variation 1 of their areas is 1 1 1 1 > 600 du > 600 1 du > 600 du 1 1 1 1 1 higher. An additional category of small farms (< 50 du, mainly olive trees co-planted with date palms, pomegranates, and grapes) is represented. Most farms that are specialised in olive trees have an area of 50 to 150 du.
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