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58 Tomatoes Cucumbers Green beans Peppers 600 850 750 600 1000 1200 900 800 Table Thyme 5: Water salinity levels used 300for irrigation of certain 350 salt tolerant crops in the Jordan River Basin 28 Analysis of the agricultural situation in Azraq Basin German-Jordanian Programme “Management of Water Resources” Salt tolerant crop Cactus (prickly pears) Jojoba Melons (cantaloupe) Tomatoes Alfalfa Hard seeds almond Olives Citrus Salinity in total dissolved solids (ppm) 2500 2000 1500 1200 1100 800 800 500 All these data should be checked of drought conditions but require in Major Azraq crops basin conditions: appropriate Productivity moisture for optimal in the highlands (gross yield. margin Pomegranate of water trees – need JD/mmore 3 ) - Real crop water requirements care than olive trees, and water in Olive Azraq basin, for existing crops 0.05 requirements are higher than those (olive Tomatoes tree, grapes, pomegranate, of olive trees, 0.11 but profit is higher. date palms) and for potential new Cauliflower Market opportunity 0.12 should be crop (jojoba, almond trees). carefully studied before proposing Apple 0.14 - Salt tolerance for theses crops, a project. in Peach 0.24 real conditions in Azraq basin. Grapes 0.39 7.2.2. Proposition of Based Watermelon field interviews, we can 0.46 say that most farmers have a crops according to water Sweet melon general idea of the more water productivity0.49 consuming crops. For example, they There is a high variability in know that water requirements for terms of water productivity dates palms > for pomegranates between crops. This should also > for olives, so farmers are quite reluctant to adopt palm trees. be taken into consideration before developing any incentive to change the cropping pattern. Data found Some farmers are interested in in bibliography should be updated developing pomegranate production, with current prices of agricultural if they receive suitable technical products on the market. Some assistance. Pomegranates are data is reproduced below, for resistant to salinity and tolerant information.
Tomatoes Alfalfa Analysis of the agricultural situation in Azraq Basin Hard seeds almond Olives German-Jordanian Programme “Management of Water Resources” Citrus 500 Table 6 : Water productivity in agriculture in the Highlands 76 Major crops in the highlands Olive Tomatoes Cauliflower Apple Peach Grapes Watermelon Sweet melon 1200 1100 800 800 59 Productivity (gross margin of water – JD/m 3 ) 0.05 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.24 0.39 0.46 0.49 Water hypothetically saved MCM 20 15 10 5 0 Water hypothetically saved by not planting Sweet melon Watermelon Tomato (Based on a general farm model for the Amman – Zarqa Highlands) 76 Other deciduous tress Value hypothetically lost by not planting Apple Peach Cauliflower & cabbage Sources: Values are from Agricultural statistics 2002 (DOS). Water uss are from Fitch, 2001, appendix. 80 60 40 20 0 Other stone fruits Figure 10: Revenue lost and water saved if the area set for various crops falls within the Highlands in 2002 7.3. Projects for alternative source of water Building of water harvesting infrastructure (dams on temporary wadis, cisterns at the farm scale or at a larger scale…) seem not to Million JD revenue hypothetically lost be relevant in Azraq (according to farmers) as wadis do not convey water because earth dams have already been built upstream. Possibility for water harvesting (at the scale of the farm, or at a larger scale) should however be checked in Azraq, as well as in Mafraq and Jiza 77 . If some relevant locations are identified, a subsidy mechanism should be set. For grey water treatment and reuse of treated waste water, cost of infrastructure would be very high as farms are located far from the Azraq village. It would mean costs for building the treatment plant and installing pipes on long distances to deliver water to the farms. In addition, as Azraq is not a highly populated area, the volume of treated waste water is not important, and the profitability of such a project should be carefully studied. 76 Source: James Fitch (USAid, 2001), Siegfried Holtkemper (MWI, 2003). 77 A farm in Muaqqar area, that build two water harvesting dams indeed saves 3 months of water pumping from his well (he can irrigate from April till end of June from the dams).
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