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COUNTING STATISTICS COUNTING STATISTICS 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 If R B is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. Page 107 L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 If R B is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. Page 107 COUNTING STATISTICS COUNTING STATISTICS 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 If R B is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. Page 107 L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 B If R is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. Page 107
MDA when background and sample count 3 + 4.65 R B times are one minute and k is 1.645. Eff MDA when background count time is ten minutes and sample count time is one 3 + 3.45 R B minute and k is 1.645. Eff POISSON STATISTICS For Poisson distributions the following logic applies. P n is the probability of getting count “n” n - P n = e / n! n = the hypothetical count = true mean counts If the true mean, , is 3, then there is a 5% probability that we will get a zero count and a 95% probability that we will get greater than zero counts. There is a 65% probability that we will get 3 or more counts. MDA when background and sample count 3 + 4.65 R B times are one minute and k is 1.645. Eff MDA when background count time is ten minutes and sample count time is one 3 + 3.45 R B minute and k is 1.645. Eff POISSON STATISTICS For Poisson distributions the following logic applies. P n is the probability of getting count “n” n - P n = e / n! n = the hypothetical count = true mean counts If the true mean, , is 3, then there is a 5% probability that we will get a zero count and a 95% probability that we will get greater than zero counts. There is a 65% probability that we will get 3 or more counts. Page 108 Page 108 MDA when background and sample count 3 + 4.65 R B times are one minute and k is 1.645. Eff MDA when background count time is ten minutes and sample count time is one 3 + 3.45 R B minute and k is 1.645. Eff POISSON STATISTICS For Poisson distributions the following logic applies. P n is the probability of getting count “n” n - P n = e / n! n = the hypothetical count = true mean counts If the true mean, , is 3, then there is a 5% probability that we will get a zero count and a 95% probability that we will get greater than zero counts. There is a 65% probability that we will get 3 or more counts. MDA when background and sample count 3 + 4.65 R B times are one minute and k is 1.645. Eff MDA when background count time is ten minutes and sample count time is one 3 + 3.45 R B minute and k is 1.645. Eff POISSON STATISTICS For Poisson distributions the following logic applies. P n is the probability of getting count “n” n - P n = e / n! n = the hypothetical count = true mean counts If the true mean, , is 3, then there is a 5% probability that we will get a zero count and a 95% probability that we will get greater than zero counts. There is a 65% probability that we will get 3 or more counts. Page 108 Page 108
Page 1 and 2:
HANDBOOK OF RADIATION DATA HANDBOOK
Page 3 and 4:
Abbreviations 115 Activity vs Expos
Page 5 and 6:
EMERGENCY RESPONSE SWIMS for Radiol
Page 7 and 8:
Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardo
Page 9 and 10:
ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS ACUTE RADIA
Page 11 and 12:
CONTAMINATED / INJURED PERSON FORM
Page 13 and 14:
Z Density Z Density 76 Osmium Os 22
Page 15 and 16:
Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay
Page 17 and 18:
Progeny kev and % abundance 41 Ar 4
Page 19 and 20:
Progeny kev and % abundance 65 Ni 6
Page 21 and 22:
Progeny kev and % abundance 134 I 1
Page 23 and 24:
Progeny kev and % abundance 220 216
Page 25 and 26:
Progeny kev and % abundance 234 Th
Page 27 and 28:
Thorium-232 Decay Chain including t
Page 29 and 30:
Uranium-238 Decay (including Radon
Page 31 and 32:
Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
Page 33 and 34:
Progeny kev and % abundance 225 Ra
Page 35 and 36:
Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
Page 37 and 38:
Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBq Half-Life C
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Gamma exposure at 30 cm vs Particle
Page 49 and 50:
Activity in DPM vs Particle Size in
Page 51 and 52:
DOSIMETRY 1 Bq = 1 dps = 2.7 E-11 C
Page 53 and 54:
INTERNAL DOSIMETRY Effective Half-L
Page 55 and 56:
1 RADIATION WEIGHTING FACTORS (ICRP
Page 57 and 58:
RADIATION INTERACTIONS Charged Part
Page 59 and 60: CALCULATING NEUTRON SHIELD THICKNES
Page 61 and 62: Neutron and Gamma Shielding SIMPLIF
Page 63 and 64: Shallow Dose Correction Factor In a
Page 65 and 66: Photon Fluence Rate ö from a Point
Page 67 and 68: A comparison of signal levels for v
Page 69 and 70: INSTRUMENT SELECTION AND USE Exposu
Page 71 and 72: Airborne Radioactivity (long-lived)
Page 73 and 74: AIR MONITORING Concentration Concen
Page 75 and 76: Filter Media Characteristics for Al
Page 77 and 78: 10CFR20 DAC 10CFR835 DAC 10CFR20 AL
Page 105 and 106: STCs = Special Tritium Compounds 1
Page 107 and 108: Z # K K L L 96 Cm 109.10 123.24 14.
Page 109: Z # K K L L 45 Rh 20.21 22.72 2.70
Page 113 and 114: ELEVATIONS OF MAJOR AIRPORTS AND FA
Page 115 and 116: INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ELEVATIONS (F
Page 117 and 118: SI and US “Traditional” Units A
Page 119 and 120: CONVERSION OF UNITS Length 1 angstr
Page 121 and 122: Radiological 1 rad = 100 ergs / g 1
Page 123 and 124: Power 1 joule/sec = 1E7 ergs/sec 1
Page 125 and 126: SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME CALCULATION
Page 127 and 128: RULES OF THUMB FOR ALPHA PARTICLES
Page 129 and 130: RULES OF THUMB FOR BETA PARTICLES 1
Page 131 and 132: RULES OF THUMB FOR GAMMA RADIATION
Page 133 and 134: APPROXIMATE NEUTRON ENERGIES cold n
Page 135 and 136: Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
Page 137 and 138: Isotopic Mix of WG Pu 238 Pu 239 Pu
Page 139 and 140: Neutron exposure rate from the oxid
Page 141 and 142: Isotopic Mix of 20% Enriched U 238
Page 143 and 144: UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY “Special Un
Page 145 and 146: RADON FACTS 1 working level = 222 3
Page 147 and 148: Relative Risk Your overall risk of
Page 149 and 150: Advanced Radiation Instrumentation
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