Gilson and Voss - Voss Associates
Gilson and Voss - Voss Associates
Gilson and Voss - Voss Associates
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BETA SHIELDING<br />
Bremsstrahlung Fraction:<br />
f = 3.5 (low Z) or 5 (high Z) x 1E-4 Z E max<br />
Activity = f x Activity<br />
gamma<br />
beta<br />
GAMMA SHIELD RATIO RULE OF THUMB<br />
Estimate the effectiveness for an unlisted shield material by<br />
comparing that material’s Z number <strong>and</strong> Specific Gravity with<br />
HVLs listed for iron. A higher Z <strong>and</strong> S.G. make a more effective<br />
gamma shield.<br />
3<br />
DENSITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS (G / CM )<br />
Air 1.2928E-3 Rubber 1.52<br />
Snow (fresh) 0.16 Earth (packed) 1.52<br />
Wood (cedar) 0.38 S<strong>and</strong> 1.60<br />
Snow (compacted) 0.48 Bricks 2.16<br />
Wood (pine) 0.54 S<strong>and</strong>stone 2.32<br />
Wood (oak) 0.71 Concrete 2.48<br />
Fat 0.80 Marble 2.56<br />
Bone 0.88 Glass 2.58<br />
Muscle 0.95 Limestone 2.61<br />
Polyethylene 0.98 Granite 2.69<br />
Water 1.00 Steel 7.85<br />
Paper 1.20 Bronze 8.16<br />
Linoleum 1.20 Brass 8.56<br />
Polycarbonate 1.20 Lead 11.35<br />
PVC 1.30 Uranium 16.95<br />
Tungsten 19.3<br />
See the Table of Elements for element densities<br />
BETA SHIELDING<br />
Bremsstrahlung Fraction:<br />
f = 3.5 (low Z) or 5 (high Z) x 1E-4 Z E max<br />
Activity = f x Activity<br />
gamma<br />
beta<br />
GAMMA SHIELD RATIO RULE OF THUMB<br />
Estimate the effectiveness for an unlisted shield material by<br />
comparing that material’s Z number <strong>and</strong> Specific Gravity with<br />
HVLs listed for iron. A higher Z <strong>and</strong> S.G. make a more effective<br />
gamma shield.<br />
3<br />
DENSITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS (G / CM )<br />
Air 1.2928E-3 Rubber 1.52<br />
Snow (fresh) 0.16 Earth (packed) 1.52<br />
Wood (cedar) 0.38 S<strong>and</strong> 1.60<br />
Snow (compacted) 0.48 Bricks 2.16<br />
Wood (pine) 0.54 S<strong>and</strong>stone 2.32<br />
Wood (oak) 0.71 Concrete 2.48<br />
Fat 0.80 Marble 2.56<br />
Bone 0.88 Glass 2.58<br />
Muscle 0.95 Limestone 2.61<br />
Polyethylene 0.98 Granite 2.69<br />
Water 1.00 Steel 7.85<br />
Paper 1.20 Bronze 8.16<br />
Linoleum 1.20 Brass 8.56<br />
Polycarbonate 1.20 Lead 11.35<br />
PVC 1.30 Uranium 16.95<br />
Tungsten 19.3<br />
See the Table of Elements for element densities<br />
Page 57<br />
Page 57<br />
BETA SHIELDING<br />
Bremsstrahlung Fraction:<br />
f = 3.5 (low Z) or 5 (high Z) x 1E-4 Z E max<br />
Activity = f x Activity<br />
gamma<br />
beta<br />
GAMMA SHIELD RATIO RULE OF THUMB<br />
Estimate the effectiveness for an unlisted shield material by<br />
comparing that material’s Z number <strong>and</strong> Specific Gravity with<br />
HVLs listed for iron. A higher Z <strong>and</strong> S.G. make a more effective<br />
gamma shield.<br />
3<br />
DENSITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS (G / CM )<br />
Air 1.2928E-3 Rubber 1.52<br />
Snow (fresh) 0.16 Earth (packed) 1.52<br />
Wood (cedar) 0.38 S<strong>and</strong> 1.60<br />
Snow (compacted) 0.48 Bricks 2.16<br />
Wood (pine) 0.54 S<strong>and</strong>stone 2.32<br />
Wood (oak) 0.71 Concrete 2.48<br />
Fat 0.80 Marble 2.56<br />
Bone 0.88 Glass 2.58<br />
Muscle 0.95 Limestone 2.61<br />
Polyethylene 0.98 Granite 2.69<br />
Water 1.00 Steel 7.85<br />
Paper 1.20 Bronze 8.16<br />
Linoleum 1.20 Brass 8.56<br />
Polycarbonate 1.20 Lead 11.35<br />
PVC 1.30 Uranium 16.95<br />
Tungsten 19.3<br />
See the Table of Elements for element densities<br />
BETA SHIELDING<br />
Bremsstrahlung Fraction:<br />
f = 3.5 (low Z) or 5 (high Z) x 1E-4 Z E max<br />
Activity = f x Activity<br />
gamma<br />
beta<br />
GAMMA SHIELD RATIO RULE OF THUMB<br />
Estimate the effectiveness for an unlisted shield material by<br />
comparing that material’s Z number <strong>and</strong> Specific Gravity with<br />
HVLs listed for iron. A higher Z <strong>and</strong> S.G. make a more effective<br />
gamma shield.<br />
3<br />
DENSITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS (G / CM )<br />
Air 1.2928E-3 Rubber 1.52<br />
Snow (fresh) 0.16 Earth (packed) 1.52<br />
Wood (cedar) 0.38 S<strong>and</strong> 1.60<br />
Snow (compacted) 0.48 Bricks 2.16<br />
Wood (pine) 0.54 S<strong>and</strong>stone 2.32<br />
Wood (oak) 0.71 Concrete 2.48<br />
Fat 0.80 Marble 2.56<br />
Bone 0.88 Glass 2.58<br />
Muscle 0.95 Limestone 2.61<br />
Polyethylene 0.98 Granite 2.69<br />
Water 1.00 Steel 7.85<br />
Paper 1.20 Bronze 8.16<br />
Linoleum 1.20 Brass 8.56<br />
Polycarbonate 1.20 Lead 11.35<br />
PVC 1.30 Uranium 16.95<br />
Tungsten 19.3<br />
See the Table of Elements for element densities<br />
Page 57<br />
Page 51