Gilson and Voss - Voss Associates

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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength Frequency Energy Radiation Meters MHz keV Type 1E-8 3E20 1.24E9 Cosmic ____________ ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength Frequency Energy Radiation Meters MHz keV Type 1E-8 3E20 1.24E9 Cosmic ____________ 1E-14 3E16 1.24E5 X-Ray _________ gamma 1E-10 3E12 1.24E1 _________ _________ UV 1E-6 3E8 1.24E-3 ______ visible IR _________ 1E-2 3E4 1.24E-7 _____________ microwave radar TV 1E2 3 1.24E-11 TV shortwave radio 1E6 3E-4 1.24E-15 ë (meters wavelength) = 300 / F = 1.24E-9 / keV F (frequency MHz) = 300 / ë = 2.419E11 x keV E (keV) = 1.24E-9 / ë = F / 2.419E11 Page 123 1E-14 3E16 1.24E5 X-Ray _________ gamma 1E-10 3E12 1.24E1 _________ _________ UV 1E-6 3E8 1.24E-3 ______ visible IR _________ 1E-2 3E4 1.24E-7 _____________ microwave radar TV 1E2 3 1.24E-11 TV shortwave radio 1E6 3E-4 1.24E-15 ë (meters wavelength) = 300 / F = 1.24E-9 / keV F (frequency MHz) = 300 / ë = 2.419E11 x keV E (keV) = 1.24E-9 / ë = F / 2.419E11 Page 123 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength Frequency Energy Radiation Meters MHz keV Type 1E-8 3E20 1.24E9 Cosmic ____________ ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength Frequency Energy Radiation Meters MHz keV Type 1E-8 3E20 1.24E9 Cosmic ____________ 1E-14 3E16 1.24E5 X-Ray _________ gamma 1E-10 3E12 1.24E1 _________ _________ UV 1E-6 3E8 1.24E-3 ______ visible IR _________ 1E-2 3E4 1.24E-7 _____________ microwave radar TV 1E2 3 1.24E-11 TV shortwave radio 1E6 3E-4 1.24E-15 ë (meters wavelength) = 300 / F = 1.24E-9 / keV F (frequency MHz) = 300 / ë = 2.419E11 x keV E (keV) = 1.24E-9 / ë = F / 2.419E11 Page 123 1E-14 3E16 1.24E5 X-Ray _________ gamma 1E-10 3E12 1.24E1 _________ _________ UV 1E-6 3E8 1.24E-3 ______ visible IR _________ 1E-2 3E4 1.24E-7 _____________ microwave radar TV 1E2 3 1.24E-11 TV shortwave radio 1E6 3E-4 1.24E-15 ë (meters wavelength) = 300 / F = 1.24E-9 / keV F (frequency MHz) = 300 / ë = 2.419E11 x keV E (keV) = 1.24E-9 / ë = F / 2.419E11 Page 123
RULES OF THUMB FOR ALPHA PARTICLES 1. An alpha particle of at least 7.5 MeV energy is needed to penetrate the nominal protective layer of the skin 2 (7 mg / cm or 0.07 mm). 2. The alpha emissions and energies of the predominant particles from 1 ìg of several common materials are: DPM per ìg Alpha Energy (MeV) 238 Pu 39,000,000 5.50 (72%) 239 Pu 140,000 5.15 (72.5%) 240 Pu 500,000 5.16 (76%) 242 Pu 8,700 4.90 (76%) a Natural U 1.5 4.20 (37%), 4.77 (36%) 235 Oralloy (93% U) 160 4.39 (~ 80%) b Natural Th 0.5 4.01 (38%), 5.43 (36%) D-38 (DU, tuballoy) 1 4.20 (~ 60%) a Includes U in equilibrium. b Includes Th in equilibrium. Depending upon the time since 228 chemical separation, Th can decrease to give a net disintegration rate lower than 0.5. c. With 2p (50%) geometry, the surface of a thick uranium metal 2 (tuballoy) source gives ~ 2400 alpha counts/min per cm . 2 Depleted uranium (D-38) gives ~ 800 alpha cpm/cm . 2 3. Alpha particles lose about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm density thickness of the attenuating material. 4. Detector window thicknesses cause alpha particles to lose 2 energy at about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm of window thickness. Therefore, a detector with a window thickness of 3 mg/cm 2 (such as sealed gas-proportional pancake alpha/beta detectors and pancake GM detectors) will not detect alpha emitters of less than 3 MeV. Page 124 RULES OF THUMB FOR ALPHA PARTICLES 1. An alpha particle of at least 7.5 MeV energy is needed to penetrate the nominal protective layer of the skin 2 (7 mg / cm or 0.07 mm). 2. The alpha emissions and energies of the predominant particles from 1 ìg of several common materials are: DPM per ìg Alpha Energy (MeV) 238 Pu 39,000,000 5.50 (72%) 239 Pu 140,000 5.15 (72.5%) 240 Pu 500,000 5.16 (76%) 242 Pu 8,700 4.90 (76%) a Natural U 1.5 4.20 (37%), 4.77 (36%) 235 Oralloy (93% U) 160 4.39 (~ 80%) b Natural Th 0.5 4.01 (38%), 5.43 (36%) D-38 (DU, tuballoy) 1 4.20 (~ 60%) a Includes U in equilibrium. b Includes Th in equilibrium. Depending upon the time since 228 chemical separation, Th can decrease to give a net disintegration rate lower than 0.5. c. With 2p (50%) geometry, the surface of a thick uranium metal 2 (tuballoy) source gives ~ 2400 alpha counts/min per cm . 2 Depleted uranium (D-38) gives ~ 800 alpha cpm/cm . 2 3. Alpha particles lose about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm density thickness of the attenuating material. 4. Detector window thicknesses cause alpha particles to lose 2 energy at about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm of window thickness. Therefore, a detector with a window thickness of 3 mg/cm 2 (such as sealed gas-proportional pancake alpha/beta detectors and pancake GM detectors) will not detect alpha emitters of less than 3 MeV. Page 124 RULES OF THUMB FOR ALPHA PARTICLES 1. An alpha particle of at least 7.5 MeV energy is needed to penetrate the nominal protective layer of the skin 2 (7 mg / cm or 0.07 mm). 2. The alpha emissions and energies of the predominant particles from 1 ìg of several common materials are: DPM per ìg Alpha Energy (MeV) 238 Pu 39,000,000 5.50 (72%) 239 Pu 140,000 5.15 (72.5%) 240 Pu 500,000 5.16 (76%) 242 Pu 8,700 4.90 (76%) a Natural U 1.5 4.20 (37%), 4.77 (36%) 235 Oralloy (93% U) 160 4.39 (~ 80%) b Natural Th 0.5 4.01 (38%), 5.43 (36%) D-38 (DU, tuballoy) 1 4.20 (~ 60%) a Includes U in equilibrium. b Includes Th in equilibrium. Depending upon the time since 228 chemical separation, Th can decrease to give a net disintegration rate lower than 0.5. c. With 2p (50%) geometry, the surface of a thick uranium metal 2 (tuballoy) source gives ~ 2400 alpha counts/min per cm . 2 Depleted uranium (D-38) gives ~ 800 alpha cpm/cm . 2 3. Alpha particles lose about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm density thickness of the attenuating material. 4. Detector window thicknesses cause alpha particles to lose 2 energy at about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm of window thickness. Therefore, a detector with a window thickness of 3 mg/cm 2 (such as sealed gas-proportional pancake alpha/beta detectors and pancake GM detectors) will not detect alpha emitters of less than 3 MeV. Page 124 RULES OF THUMB FOR ALPHA PARTICLES 1. An alpha particle of at least 7.5 MeV energy is needed to penetrate the nominal protective layer of the skin 2 (7 mg / cm or 0.07 mm). 2. The alpha emissions and energies of the predominant particles from 1 ìg of several common materials are: DPM per ìg Alpha Energy (MeV) 238 Pu 39,000,000 5.50 (72%) 239 Pu 140,000 5.15 (72.5%) 240 Pu 500,000 5.16 (76%) 242 Pu 8,700 4.90 (76%) a Natural U 1.5 4.20 (37%), 4.77 (36%) 235 Oralloy (93% U) 160 4.39 (~ 80%) b Natural Th 0.5 4.01 (38%), 5.43 (36%) D-38 (DU, tuballoy) 1 4.20 (~ 60%) a Includes U in equilibrium. b Includes Th in equilibrium. Depending upon the time since 228 chemical separation, Th can decrease to give a net disintegration rate lower than 0.5. c. With 2p (50%) geometry, the surface of a thick uranium metal 2 (tuballoy) source gives ~ 2400 alpha counts/min per cm . 2 Depleted uranium (D-38) gives ~ 800 alpha cpm/cm . 2 3. Alpha particles lose about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm density thickness of the attenuating material. 4. Detector window thicknesses cause alpha particles to lose 2 energy at about 0.8 MeV per mg/cm of window thickness. Therefore, a detector with a window thickness of 3 mg/cm 2 (such as sealed gas-proportional pancake alpha/beta detectors and pancake GM detectors) will not detect alpha emitters of less than 3 MeV. Page 124
Page 1 and 2:
HANDBOOK OF RADIATION DATA HANDBOOK
Page 3 and 4:
Abbreviations 115 Activity vs Expos
Page 5 and 6:
EMERGENCY RESPONSE SWIMS for Radiol
Page 7 and 8:
Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardo
Page 9 and 10:
ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS ACUTE RADIA
Page 11 and 12:
CONTAMINATED / INJURED PERSON FORM
Page 13 and 14:
Z Density Z Density 76 Osmium Os 22
Page 15 and 16:
Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay
Page 17 and 18:
Progeny kev and % abundance 41 Ar 4
Page 19 and 20:
Progeny kev and % abundance 65 Ni 6
Page 21 and 22:
Progeny kev and % abundance 134 I 1
Page 23 and 24:
Progeny kev and % abundance 220 216
Page 25 and 26:
Progeny kev and % abundance 234 Th
Page 27 and 28:
Thorium-232 Decay Chain including t
Page 29 and 30:
Uranium-238 Decay (including Radon
Page 31 and 32:
Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
Page 33 and 34:
Progeny kev and % abundance 225 Ra
Page 35 and 36:
Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
Page 37 and 38:
Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBq Half-Life C
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Gamma exposure at 30 cm vs Particle
Page 49 and 50:
Activity in DPM vs Particle Size in
Page 51 and 52:
DOSIMETRY 1 Bq = 1 dps = 2.7 E-11 C
Page 53 and 54:
INTERNAL DOSIMETRY Effective Half-L
Page 55 and 56:
1 RADIATION WEIGHTING FACTORS (ICRP
Page 57 and 58:
RADIATION INTERACTIONS Charged Part
Page 59 and 60:
CALCULATING NEUTRON SHIELD THICKNES
Page 61 and 62:
Neutron and Gamma Shielding SIMPLIF
Page 63 and 64:
Shallow Dose Correction Factor In a
Page 65 and 66:
Photon Fluence Rate ö from a Point
Page 67 and 68:
A comparison of signal levels for v
Page 69 and 70:
INSTRUMENT SELECTION AND USE Exposu
Page 71 and 72:
Airborne Radioactivity (long-lived)
Page 73 and 74:
AIR MONITORING Concentration Concen
Page 75 and 76: Filter Media Characteristics for Al
Page 77 and 78: 10CFR20 DAC 10CFR835 DAC 10CFR20 AL
Page 105 and 106: STCs = Special Tritium Compounds 1
Page 107 and 108: Z # K K L L 96 Cm 109.10 123.24 14.
Page 109 and 110: Z # K K L L 45 Rh 20.21 22.72 2.70
Page 111 and 112: MDA when background and sample coun
Page 113 and 114: ELEVATIONS OF MAJOR AIRPORTS AND FA
Page 115 and 116: INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ELEVATIONS (F
Page 117 and 118: SI and US “Traditional” Units A
Page 119 and 120: CONVERSION OF UNITS Length 1 angstr
Page 121 and 122: Radiological 1 rad = 100 ergs / g 1
Page 123 and 124: Power 1 joule/sec = 1E7 ergs/sec 1
Page 125: SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME CALCULATION
Page 129 and 130: RULES OF THUMB FOR BETA PARTICLES 1
Page 131 and 132: RULES OF THUMB FOR GAMMA RADIATION
Page 133 and 134: APPROXIMATE NEUTRON ENERGIES cold n
Page 135 and 136: Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
Page 137 and 138: Isotopic Mix of WG Pu 238 Pu 239 Pu
Page 139 and 140: Neutron exposure rate from the oxid
Page 141 and 142: Isotopic Mix of 20% Enriched U 238
Page 143 and 144: UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY “Special Un
Page 145 and 146: RADON FACTS 1 working level = 222 3
Page 147 and 148: Relative Risk Your overall risk of
Page 149 and 150: Advanced Radiation Instrumentation
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