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viii Canadian Boreal Initiative | Wildlife Conservation Society Canada
1. Introduction 1.1 Ontario’s Far North: A Region of Vital Ecological and Cultural Importance Ontario’s Far North 3 is a 450,000 km 2 subarctic, boreal landscape of international importance due to its intactness and the immense ecological goods and services that it provides. Combined with eastern Manitoba, the region constitutes one of the largest blocks of forest in the world free from industrial development (World Resources Institute 2010). The lowland portion of the region includes the world’s second largest peatland complex and North America’s largest wetlands along James Bay and Hudson Bay. Three of Canada’s largest rivers (Albany, Moose, Severn) flow through this region, which contains 5 of the 12 remaining undammed and unregulated watersheds in North America south of 55 degrees (Dynesius and Nillson 1994). The region’s ecosystems are a stronghold for a large number of plants, fish, and wildlife, including those exhibiting population declines elsewhere in Ontario and nationally such as woodland caribou and wolverine, as well as the most southerly subpopulation of polar bears. The abundant and diverse aquatic habitats, particularly unfragmented river systems, support at least 20 species of freshwater fish, including lake sturgeon, a species of special concern under Ontario’s Endangered Species Act, 2007 (Golder Associates Ltd. 2011). The area is of particular importance to the 24,000 people who have been settled in 34 communities in the region (Statistics Canada 2006). The population is largely indigenous, consisting of Ojibwe, Oji-Cree and Cree First Nations who have established long-standing traditional cultural values and a unique relationship with this land that they have used and occupied for at least five millennia (Berkes 2011). Ontario’s Far North ecosystems provide important social and cultural benefits to First Nations, including food, fiber, and water. Far North forests and especially peatland ecosystems contribute globally to climate regulation by storing approximately 40 billion tonnes of carbon (Far North Science Advisory Panel 2010). The hydrological and geochemical processes working in wetlands, peatlands, and forests provide habitat and clean drinking water for wildlife and people. 3 Ontario’s Far North is that part of the province north of the forestry allocation limit, at approximately 51 degrees and defined by Ontario’s Far North Act, 2010. A Fork in the Road: Future Development in Ontario’s Far North 1
Page 1: a fork in the Road Future developme
Page 4 and 5: About the Canadian Boreal Initiativ
Page 6 and 7: developments in the north. The simu
Page 10 and 11: These ecosystems also confer erosio
Page 12 and 13: 2. Study Area The pilot study area
Page 14 and 15: 3. Methods The project applied A La
Page 16 and 17: Table 1. Cover types used when para
Page 18 and 19: 3.2 Ecological Processes 3.2.1 Succ
Page 20 and 21: 3.3 Land Use 3.3.1 Hydroelectric Se
Page 22 and 23: ! Figure 3. Current, planned, and p
Page 24 and 25: 2,000 MW of hydropower potential in
Page 26 and 27: Figure 6. Kimberlite deposits used
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Chromite deposits used in
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Massive sulphide deposits
Page 32 and 33: Table 7. Simulated harvest levels w
Page 34 and 35: 39 http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/ Bus
Page 36 and 37: CD Long / The Wolverine Foundation
Page 38 and 39: 3.4.3 Moose The response of moose h
Page 40 and 41: Table 11. Scoring system when apply
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. Response of anthropogeni
Page 44 and 45: Risk to herd viability approached t
Page 46 and 47: Figure 13. Simulated response of wo
Page 48 and 49: Figure 14. Response of moose densit
Page 50 and 51: Figure 16. Distribution of watershe
Page 52 and 53: expansion of forestry activity (Vor
Page 54 and 55: North and recommended that “trans
Page 56 and 57: Outcomes of the analysis demonstrat
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6. Conclusion Many of these outcome
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References Abraham, K. F., L. M. Mc
Page 62 and 63:
Golder Associates Ltd. 2011. Recove
Page 64 and 65:
Rempel, R.S., P.C. Elkie, A.R. Rodg
Page 66 and 67:
Appendix 1. Overview of ALCES® The
Page 68 and 69:
Appendix 2. The Conservation Matrix
Page 70:
Appendix 3. OMNR’s Cervid Managem
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