The action research has two interrelated phases:• 1 st Phase – Community needs assessment, identification of learning needs, developmentof IP curriculum and preparation of learning materials based on the IP curriculum• 2 nd Phase – Capacity-building for facilitators from the local community, and organizationof learning sessions with literacy materials developed during 1 st phase.Using a participatory approach, the following learning materials were developed:• Malini na Kahawangan, YamanMo, Yaman Ko – CleanSurroundings – Your Wealth andMine• Taw Tagapangalaga OngKalusugan – Guardians of Health• Kalinihan Gawaon Ha Kalusugan– Cleanliness for Healthy Living• Halamang Gamot – MedicinalPlantsOutcomes:Within the community, visible outcomes include the following:• Community <strong>Part</strong>icipation – there is a shift from apathy-dependency to pre-critical thinkingstage• People Empowerment – two community leaders are now serving as literacy facilitators;they were also involved in the development of the local IP curriculum and learningmaterials• Leadership and Governance – the tribal council, headed by the barangay captain (electedcommunity leader) now regularly meets and discusses plans for the community; an IPyouth group was organized, and is also involved in the decision-making processesFuture Plans:• Expand the implementation of the project to other IP communities• Prepare project documentation reflecting best practices and processes• Develop a Magbikin language dictionary that will promote the preservation of the IPdialectThailandEven though the Office of Non-formal Education Commission has long experience in running literacyprogrammes for ethnic minorities, particularly the hilltribes, the department has lacked informationon strategies associated with a bilingual/multilingual approach. Therefore, supported by19
UNESCO-APPEAL, the Office of Non-formal Education Commission has piloted a research projectto develop bilingual literacy materials to promote literacy for the Pwo Karen in Omkoi District ofChiang Mai, northern Thailand. The purposes of the project were to study conditions and learningneeds of the people in the target area, develop a curriculum framework and content for materialsdevelopment, develop bilingual materials in cooperation with Pwo Karen community members,pre-test the materials, and disseminate these to the learners. It was anticipated that this would providean effective educational model for potential replication to other ethnic minority communities.Action research approaches were adopted in cooperation with many different agencies –administrators, academics, Pwo Karen teachers from non-formal education learning centres, Pwostudents and Pwo Karen children and adults from the village site of Nong Ung Tai, Omkoi. Theylearned together, shared experiences and worked with SIL International 8 consultants to developa Pwo Karen writing system. The project, therefore, was designed to promote ownership by thePwo teachers and community.Research findings from SIL International, basedat Payap University, provided the foundation fordevelopment of the target area’s Pwo Karenwriting system. The process involvedexamination and analysis of the Pwo soundsystem, word list checking with Pwo people atthe village site and a workshop for Pwo alphabetdesign. The Pwo Karen continued to test thewriting system by producing materials, includinga draft alphabet chart, picture dictionary, spellingguide and “The Rabbit and Snail” booklet. Theteachers studied the cultural themes of thevillage, and made a cultural calendar as a basis for curriculum development. They produced sixbig books for teaching, and these big books were also duplicated into small booklets for individuallearners. Word cards were also made. The teachers were encouraged to produce more big booksand other materials for literacy class to promote further use of the writing system.Viet NamThe Vietnamese (or the Kinh) are the largest group in Viet Nam, accounting for about 88% of thetotal population. The remaining 22% of the population are members of some 53 ethnic minorities,mostly living in the mountainous regions. There are 24 ethnic minority groups with scripts. 9In Viet Nam, the ethnic minority people tend to live in mixed communities – it is common forseveral minority groups to live in one commune or geographic area. Using only one minority languagein a class as medium of instruction poses a serious obstacle to learning for those who do not speak8SIL International is a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to promoting language-based development with minoritylanguage communities. SIL works in partnership with governments, educational institutions and other NGOs facilitating languagedevelopment through linguistic research, translation, literacy programmes and practical service.9They are Tay, Thai, Hoa, Kh’mer, Nung, H’mong, Gialai, Ede, Bana, Xo Dang, Ko Ho, Cham, Hre, Mnong, Raglai, Xtieng,Bru (Bru, Van Kieu), Kotu, Gie Trieng, Co, Ta oi (Pa Co), Cho ro, Chu ru, and Lao.20
- Page 3 and 4: Asia-Pacific Programme of Education
- Page 5 and 6: FOREWORDSome 6,000-7,000 languages
- Page 7 and 8: Part IOutcomes of the Workshop
- Page 9 and 10: used as the medium of educational i
- Page 11 and 12: Viet NamApproximately 100 languages
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- Page 23: NepalNepal is a land-locked country
- Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 3Community Mobilization and
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- Page 31 and 32: at a community/village forum. Initi
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- Page 41 and 42: • adapt majority language materia
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- Page 45 and 46: to local pronunciation. During test
- Page 47 and 48: Reflections on Field VisitSocio-eco
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- Page 53 and 54: Training of FacilitatorsWhen?What?T
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- Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 8Strategies and Tools for E
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- Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 9Strategies for Government
- Page 65 and 66: a linguistically diverse country. T
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- Page 71 and 72: RESOURCE PAPERSEducation for Multil
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in its third year, was planned spec
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Stage 4 - Ongoing education. At thi
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“The minority languages lack grad
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• Provide funding or identify and
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Easton, C. (2003) Designing orthogr
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Benson, 2003) have come to the same
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The Role of Language in Learning:Wh
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eading skills in the mother tongue
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familiar, because they have learned
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ConclusionsThe findings of the stud
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Moll, L. (1992) Bilingual classroom
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It is often argued that providing e
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crucial in language development, cu