Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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1. Feed less total food. By simply reducing the amount of total food offered, weight loss mayoccur. This practice is confounded by the aggression observed in group fed ASC ottersaround feeding time and the potential that this may be increased when less total food isoffered.2. Add more water to the diet. By providing a diet that contains more moisture, the totalcalories in the diet are diluted and this may allow weight loss. The otter can consume thesame amount of total diet, but will actually be consuming fewer calories.3. Increase the “bulk” of the diet. By adding indigestible or lower calorie items to the diet, thetotal “bulk” of the diet can be increased, effectively diluting the calories in the diet. The ottercan consume the same amount of total diet, but will actually be consuming fewer calories.4. Offer lower calorie items. Lower calorie items can be substituted in the diet. For example,fish varies in energy content from species to species. If weight loss is desired, a leaner fishcould be substituted for a fattier fish to reduce total calories in the diet.REPORTED HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIETIn 1985, the single major husbandry problem as reported in the regional studbook was urinary stones(calculi; Foster-Turley 1985). At the time, calculi appeared to exist regardless of the diet offered (meatmixes, commercial diets for cats or dogs, thawed fish, table scraps, etc.). In 1988, when the ASC otterSSP program was detailed, calculi were reported as the primary cause of death in the North Americanpopulation (Foster-Turley and Engfer 1988). That same year, calculi were observed in over 75% of thecaptive population (Calle 1988) and are still apparently prevalent today (current survey). Eight out ofnineteen survey institutions reported no nutritionally related disorders with their otters. Of the institutionsthat reported nutritional disorders, they all reported renal calculi (or “renal problems”). To this end,work has beenperformed to determine the cause of renal calculi in ASC otters and possible management techniques tominimize incidence and/or development of calculi (Petrini 1996). This research has led to thephilosophy that calculi formation in these otters is caused by a multitude of complex and inter-relatedfactors. Several dietary adjustments have been attempted (all fish diets, potassium citrate addition,Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Nutrition Section- 8 -
chitin addition, special prescription diets), however few have been examined within the parameters of adefined study lasting for a period of time necessary to strongly conclude their efficacy or lack thereof.FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDSStudies examining the efficacy of all fish diets in reducing incidence/growth of renal calculi have beenongoing for several years with mixed results. Work performed at the Minnesota Zoo (Petrini, et al1996) has shown some promise, however otters there have been on an all fish diet for slightly over 3years and it will be important to observe those otters over the next few years as well. With this in mind,we have several considerations to direct our future efforts:(1) Between 70-80% of ASC otters offered a variety of diets have developed renal calculi.(2) Although some otters offered an all fish diet have developed calculi, the young otters atMinnesota have not exhibited calculi after being on the diet for 3 years or more.(3) Several “new” diet items have been introduced that may assist in reducing incidence of renalcalculi, but have yet to be adequately tested - potassium citrate, chitin, Hill’s Feline c/d o , etc.Collaborative efforts among holding institutions may allow for systematic evaluation of theabilities of these items to reduce incidence/development of calculi.(4) Several young otters (assumed calculi free at this point) in the North American populationmay allow for the evaluation of a selected diet throughout their lives.Due to the limitations of the current research on renal calculi and the association, if any, with the diet inAsian small-clawed otters, it is recommended that all young otters be thoroughly evaluated initially andperiodically. This evaluation should include radiographs. Since the number of animals is relatively small,collaborative investigation is a necessity. This collaboration should involve standardized protocols andmanagement guidelines, and should test a uniform diet (such as fish and specific supplements) among allparticipating institutions.Table 1.1 . Prey items listed in order of frequency of occurrence in the scat of ASC otters.*Prey Item*Invertebrates (general)Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Nutrition Section- 9 -
Page 2 and 3: IntroductionStatus……………
Page 4 and 5: Enrichment……………………
Page 6 and 7: Status of Asian OttersThe Red List
Page 9 and 10: NUTRITION AND DIETMike Maslanka and
Page 11 and 12: included a wide variety of fish (ca
Page 13 and 14: As mentioned previously, several ba
Page 15: Newborn and/or weakened cubs should
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.3.Analyzed nutrient content
Page 21 and 22: NutrientGroundHorsemeatNebraskaFeli
Page 23 and 24: Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry
Page 25 and 26: Appendix 1.2. Manufacturer Contacts
Page 27 and 28: AudubonBermuda AquariumBirmingham Z
Page 31 and 32: Health CareKristine R. Petrini, DVM
Page 33 and 34: ISIS normal reference values for Ao
Page 35 and 36: • Serum should be banked.• Urin
Page 37 and 38: 5 mg/kg SC or POPreshipment examina
Page 39 and 40: Injectable anesthetic agents can be
Page 41 and 42: • Serum, (antemortem or postmorte
Page 43 and 44: Diseases of the Asian small-clawed
Page 45 and 46: procedure can help minimize bacteri
Page 47 and 48: Concurrent infection with calicivir
Page 49 and 50: Dracunculus insignis ("Guinea worm"
Page 51 and 52: eeding season. The alopecia most co
Page 53 and 54: Laboratory Studies: (List bacterial
Page 55 and 56: GROSS EXAMINATIONGeneral Condition:
Page 57 and 58: Nervous and Sensory Systems: (Brain
Page 59 and 60: Copulatory bouts occur on land and
Page 61 and 62: Asian Small Clawed Otter (Aonyx cin
Page 63 and 64: HousingOtters are land animals that
Page 65 and 66: The holding area should include:A p
Page 67:
EnrichmentCage FurnitureArtificial
Page 71 and 72:
plays a very active role in rearing
Page 73 and 74:
Action Plan for Asian OttersPat Fos
Page 75 and 76:
Hairy-Nosed Otter--(Lutra sumatrana
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4. Environmental and other factors
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1. The otter species probably disap
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IndonesiaSpecies PresentAsian small
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1. Analyses of dead otters and of t
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2. People kill otters because of su
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Legal StatusOtters have been on the
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4. Disturbance by human settlement.
Page 91 and 92:
Legal StatusNo information availabl
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Species PresentEurasian otterStatus
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Health:-Do you perform regular rout
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-Do you regularly weigh your animal
Page 99 and 100:
Vegetables-Apple __________________
Page 101 and 102:
-Are there any diagnosed nutritiona
Page 103 and 104:
-What is the breeding season for yo
Page 105 and 106:
-Have you observed any indication o
Page 107 and 108:
-How often and how much of the wate
Page 109 and 110:
Behavior and Social Organization:-W
Page 111 and 112:
Foster-Turley, P. 1992. Conservatio
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Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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