Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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4. The draining of wetlands in Sumatra and Kalimantan for agriculture and human settlement destroysimportant otter habitats and results in a decline in prey species.5. Gravel extraction from riverbeds in Sumatra destroys otter habitats and increases levels ofsuspended sediments in the water with resulting deleterious effects on fish.Conservation Priorities1. More scientific studies and data are needed to assess the distribution, numbers, habitatrequirements, behavior, and ecology of the otter species in Indonesia.2. As a logical follow-up to the IUCN/WWF Wetlands Campaign, the habitat requirements of anumber of keystone species, including otters should be assessed, and conservation areas should beestablished for their protection.3. Captive breeding and possible re-introductions into protected areas should be undertaken.4. Otters should be given legal protection in Indonesia, although it is known that legal protection alonewill not ensure the otters' survival there.IranThe Eurasian otter is known to occur in Iran, but no recent information is available.IraqThe Eurasian otter and a disjunct population of the smooth otter are known to occur in Iraq, but nocurrent information is available.IsraelSpecies PresentEurasian otterStatus and DistributionVirtually extirpated in the coastal regions. Good populations still exist in the Jordan river catchment,including Lake Tiberias, but because almost the entire population is concentrated in the one system, itmust be considered threatened. Within the system, otters occur in uplands, agricultural lowlands, andfish ponds (Macdonald et ai. 1986).Legal statusProtectedThreats1. Gross pollution of rivers (sewage, pesticides) in the coastal plain and potential threat of pollution,mainly from agricultural pesticides, in the Jordan river.2. Destruction of riparian habitat for agricultural intensification.3. Construction of reservoirs on tributary streams.4. Mortality on roads.Conservation PrioritiesAsian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Action Plan73
1. Analyses of dead otters and of their food supply for pollutants to assess potential threats to thepopulation in the Jordan catchment.2. Deduce levels of pollution in watercourses of the coastal plain.JapanSpecies PresentEurasian otterStatus and DistributionAlthough the Eurasian otter was historically found throughout Japan it is probably nearly extirpatedtoday. In 1986, a dead otter was found in Kouchi Prefecture, but since then no other living or deadotters have been sighted, and their continued existence has been confirmed only through field signs. Thenumber of field signs has been decreasing year by year, but there remains some possibility that a fewindividuals still exist in southwest Kochi Prefecture.Legal StatusThe Eurasian otter has been protected as a special national natural monument of Japan since 1965.Threats1. The main reason for their decline is water pollution and the destruction of their habitat by industrialdevelopment, agricultural chemicals, and synthetic detergents. Water pollution has caused thedepletion of their food and may have directly damaged their health.2. Otters have been rapidly losing their habitat due to the destruction of shores and banksides, andthrough the construction of many dams in the mountains.3. Otters are considered by fisherman to be competitors. This conflict has undermined conservationefforts.4. Hunting for fur (for domestic markets) may still be a problem in the last remaining possible otterhabitat, in Kochi Prefecture.Conservation Priorities1. A thorough survey needs to be undertaken in the areas where there is a possibility of the otters'existence, especially in southeast Kochi Prefecture, to assess how many otters remain.2. The remaining otter habitat needs to be protected from any disturbances. All industrial developmentshould be banned in this area and the water quality needs to be strictly controlled. Strict laws mustbe enforced to prohibit hunting or harming any remaining otters.3. As depletion of clean fish reserves is thought to be a principal reason for the decline of otters, fishcultivation ponds could be set up within the habitat of the otter.4. Captive breeding and reintroduction projects should be seriously considered in Japan.5. Public education needs to be carried out to resolve opposition to otter conservation.JordanSpecies PresentAsian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Action Plan74
Page 2 and 3:
IntroductionStatus……………
Page 4 and 5:
Enrichment……………………
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Status of Asian OttersThe Red List
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NUTRITION AND DIETMike Maslanka and
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included a wide variety of fish (ca
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As mentioned previously, several ba
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Newborn and/or weakened cubs should
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chitin addition, special prescripti
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Table 1.3.Analyzed nutrient content
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NutrientGroundHorsemeatNebraskaFeli
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Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry
Page 25 and 26:
Appendix 1.2. Manufacturer Contacts
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AudubonBermuda AquariumBirmingham Z
Page 31 and 32: Health CareKristine R. Petrini, DVM
Page 33 and 34: ISIS normal reference values for Ao
Page 35 and 36: • Serum should be banked.• Urin
Page 37 and 38: 5 mg/kg SC or POPreshipment examina
Page 39 and 40: Injectable anesthetic agents can be
Page 41 and 42: • Serum, (antemortem or postmorte
Page 43 and 44: Diseases of the Asian small-clawed
Page 45 and 46: procedure can help minimize bacteri
Page 47 and 48: Concurrent infection with calicivir
Page 49 and 50: Dracunculus insignis ("Guinea worm"
Page 51 and 52: eeding season. The alopecia most co
Page 53 and 54: Laboratory Studies: (List bacterial
Page 55 and 56: GROSS EXAMINATIONGeneral Condition:
Page 57 and 58: Nervous and Sensory Systems: (Brain
Page 59 and 60: Copulatory bouts occur on land and
Page 61 and 62: Asian Small Clawed Otter (Aonyx cin
Page 63 and 64: HousingOtters are land animals that
Page 65 and 66: The holding area should include:A p
Page 67: EnrichmentCage FurnitureArtificial
Page 71 and 72: plays a very active role in rearing
Page 73 and 74: Action Plan for Asian OttersPat Fos
Page 75 and 76: Hairy-Nosed Otter--(Lutra sumatrana
Page 77 and 78: 4. Environmental and other factors
Page 79 and 80: 1. The otter species probably disap
Page 81: IndonesiaSpecies PresentAsian small
Page 85 and 86: 2. People kill otters because of su
Page 87 and 88: Legal StatusOtters have been on the
Page 89 and 90: 4. Disturbance by human settlement.
Page 91 and 92: Legal StatusNo information availabl
Page 93 and 94: Species PresentEurasian otterStatus
Page 95 and 96: Health:-Do you perform regular rout
Page 97 and 98: -Do you regularly weigh your animal
Page 99 and 100: Vegetables-Apple __________________
Page 101 and 102: -Are there any diagnosed nutritiona
Page 103 and 104: -What is the breeding season for yo
Page 105 and 106: -Have you observed any indication o
Page 107 and 108: -How often and how much of the wate
Page 109 and 110: Behavior and Social Organization:-W
Page 111 and 112: Foster-Turley, P. 1992. Conservatio
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Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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