Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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calculi present in the left kidney, right kidney, and urinary bladder should be recorded on the postmortem report.GROSS POST MORTEM EXAMINATIONA veterinarian should perform a thorough post mortem examination as soon as possible after death.Please use the standardized necropsy report included at the end of this section for recording the results.This form is also available in the pathology module of MedARKS.LESIONS• Cultures: Cultures (aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal) should be taken of any lesions before theyare contaminated.• Freeze tissues: Samples of lesions should be frozen at -20 o or -70 o C.• Histopathology: Make sure all lesions are saved for histopathology (2 sets).UROLITH ANALYSISUrinary calculi should be collected during the necropsy procedure and submitted to Dr. Carl Osbornefor analysis. The appropriate submission form along with the address is included at the end of thischapter. Currently there is no charge for this service. Uroliths from the kidney and urinary bladdershould be kept separate and labeled appropriately.FORMALIN FIXED TISSUESTwo sets of tissues should be collected and placed in 10% buffered formalin. All tissues (except theuterus and ovaries) may be placed together in a single container as long as the volume of formalin is atleast 10 times the total volume of the tissues collected. Tissues should be no thicker than 0.5 cm. Achecklist of tissues that should be preserved in formalin is attached. In addition, include sections of alllesions in formalin. The entire uterus (with longitudinal cut into the lumen) and ovaries should be placedin a separate container for formalin for Dr. Linda Munson.HISTOPATHOLOGYOne set of fixed tissues should be sent to a pathologist, preferably one that is familiar with exoticspecies. If you would like the names of qualified pathologists, please contact the veterinary advisor.The second set of fixed tissues should be mailed to the veterinary advisor. The uterus and ovariesshould be submitted to Dr. Linda Munson as part of the AZA contraceptive pathology survey. Aseparate submission sheet is included at the end of this chapter for this submission. Dr. Munson’saddress is: Dept. VM-PM1, Haring Hall, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California,Davis, CA 95616.FROZEN TISSUESPlease store 3-5 cm sections of the following tissues in plastic bags at –20 to –70 o C.• Liver• Brain• KidneyAsian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Health Care-28-
• Serum, (antemortem or postmortem) if possible.• Sections of any lesions.NEONATES, STILLBIRTHS, ABORTIONSIn addition to the standard adult necropsy protocol, please include the following:• Weight, crown-rump length, and sex.• Estimate degree of maturity (1 st , 2 nd , or 3 rd trimester).• Fix umbilical stump and surrounding tissues. Obtain bacterial cultures before fixing if there isevidence of infection.• Check carefully for evidence of congenital deformities (cleft palate, deformed limbs, heartdefects, anal atresia, etc).• Assess hydration (tissue moistness) and evidence of nursing (milk in stomach).• Determine if breathing occurred (do lungs float in formalin).• Note whether there is meconium in the colon/rectum.• Fix placenta if available. Culture first if indicated.SUBMISSION OF RESULTS TO VETERINARY ADVISORA copy of the otter’s medical report, gross postmortem report, pathology report, calculi analysis,cultures, and any related laboratory tests, as well as the extra set of fixed tissues should be submitted tothe veterinary advisor once all the information is complete. The veterinary advisor will review thisinformation in order to identify medical problems in the population. A yearly mortality report will besubmitted to the Asian small-clawed otter SSP. If you would like to send the frozen tissues and/orserum to the veterinary advisor for long-term storage, please contact him/her in advance to make sureyour request can be accommodated.Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Health Care-29-
Page 2 and 3: IntroductionStatus……………
Page 4 and 5: Enrichment……………………
Page 6 and 7: Status of Asian OttersThe Red List
Page 9 and 10: NUTRITION AND DIETMike Maslanka and
Page 11 and 12: included a wide variety of fish (ca
Page 13 and 14: As mentioned previously, several ba
Page 15 and 16: Newborn and/or weakened cubs should
Page 17 and 18: chitin addition, special prescripti
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.3.Analyzed nutrient content
Page 21 and 22: NutrientGroundHorsemeatNebraskaFeli
Page 23 and 24: Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry
Page 25 and 26: Appendix 1.2. Manufacturer Contacts
Page 27 and 28: AudubonBermuda AquariumBirmingham Z
Page 31 and 32: Health CareKristine R. Petrini, DVM
Page 33 and 34: ISIS normal reference values for Ao
Page 35 and 36: • Serum should be banked.• Urin
Page 37 and 38: 5 mg/kg SC or POPreshipment examina
Page 39: Injectable anesthetic agents can be
Page 43 and 44: Diseases of the Asian small-clawed
Page 45 and 46: procedure can help minimize bacteri
Page 47 and 48: Concurrent infection with calicivir
Page 49 and 50: Dracunculus insignis ("Guinea worm"
Page 51 and 52: eeding season. The alopecia most co
Page 53 and 54: Laboratory Studies: (List bacterial
Page 55 and 56: GROSS EXAMINATIONGeneral Condition:
Page 57 and 58: Nervous and Sensory Systems: (Brain
Page 59 and 60: Copulatory bouts occur on land and
Page 61 and 62: Asian Small Clawed Otter (Aonyx cin
Page 63 and 64: HousingOtters are land animals that
Page 65 and 66: The holding area should include:A p
Page 67: EnrichmentCage FurnitureArtificial
Page 71 and 72: plays a very active role in rearing
Page 73 and 74: Action Plan for Asian OttersPat Fos
Page 75 and 76: Hairy-Nosed Otter--(Lutra sumatrana
Page 77 and 78: 4. Environmental and other factors
Page 79 and 80: 1. The otter species probably disap
Page 81 and 82: IndonesiaSpecies PresentAsian small
Page 83 and 84: 1. Analyses of dead otters and of t
Page 85 and 86: 2. People kill otters because of su
Page 87 and 88: Legal StatusOtters have been on the
Page 89 and 90: 4. Disturbance by human settlement.
Page 91 and 92:
Legal StatusNo information availabl
Page 93 and 94:
Species PresentEurasian otterStatus
Page 95 and 96:
Health:-Do you perform regular rout
Page 97 and 98:
-Do you regularly weigh your animal
Page 99 and 100:
Vegetables-Apple __________________
Page 101 and 102:
-Are there any diagnosed nutritiona
Page 103 and 104:
-What is the breeding season for yo
Page 105 and 106:
-Have you observed any indication o
Page 107 and 108:
-How often and how much of the wate
Page 109 and 110:
Behavior and Social Organization:-W
Page 111 and 112:
Foster-Turley, P. 1992. Conservatio
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Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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