Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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Crude Protein, %Fat, %Vitamin A, IU/gVitamin D, IU/gVitamin E, mg/kgThiamin, mg/kgRiboflavin, mg/kgPantothenic Acid, mg/kgNiacin, mg/kgPyridoxine, mg/kgFolic Acid, mg/kgBiotin, mg/kgVitamin B12, mg/kgCholine, mg/kgCalcium, %Phosphorus, %Potassium, %Sodium, %Magnesium, %Zinc, mg/kgCopper, mg/kgManganese, mg/kgIron, mg/kgIodine, mg/kg24-32.515-30**3.3-10***0.5-1.030-120(α)1-5(α)3.7-4.05-7.49.6-401.8-40.2-1.30.07-0.080.02-0.0251000-30000.6-0.8(β)0.6(β)0.2-0.40.04-0.60.04-0.0750-945.0-6.255-980 -1141.4-4.0* Target nutrient ranges on a dry matter basis derived from requirements for domestic cats (NRC 1986),AAFCO recommendations (1994), Waltham Center for Pet Nutrition recommendations (Earle and Smith1993), requirements for mink and foxes (NRC 1982), and literature describing the foraging behavior ofASC otters.** The fat content of fish commercially available in North America typically ranges from 5-40%, and ASCotters have been maintained on diets containing between 15-40% fat (see table 2), thus an appropriaterange for fat appears to fall between 15-30%.*** The vitamin A requirement for cats is 10 IU/g (dry matter basis; NRC 1985), which represents theupper bound of the range. However, free-ranging ASC otters may consume a diet of mostly fish (Foster-Turley 1992), thus may have a higher tolerance for vitamin A due to the high levels which may occur intheir natural diet.(α)When mostly fish diets are offered, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and thiaminases causes thebreakdown of these vitamins. Thus, dietary levels of 400 IU vitamin E / kg of dry diet and 100-120 mgthiamin / kg of dry diet are recommended (Engelhardt and Geraci 1978).(β) The recommended Ca:P ratio is between 1:1 and 2:1.Table 1.5. Nutrient content of several commonly used meat/nutritionally complete food items(dry matter basis).*Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Nutrition Section- 12 -
NutrientGroundHorsemeatNebraskaFeline®Nutrena RiverRun Dog Food®Purina Fit ‘n’ TrimDog Food®CrudeProtein, %Fat, %Vitamin A, IU/gVitamin D, IU/gVitaminE,mg/kgCa, %P, %Mg, %51.719.7------50.031.697.11.242.41.61.30.0523.99.15.75.756.81.71.10.0518.25.720.12.012.51.10.90.2* Values from manufacturer guaranteed analysis and analyses performed at or for Brookfield Zoo. Seemanufacturer contacts in Appendix 2.Table 1.6. Nutrient content of several commercially available fish species and marineproducts (dry matter basis).*Nutrient Capelin Herring Oystershell Shrimp*** Smelt TroutDry Matter, %Energy, kcal/gCrudeProtein,%Fat, %VitaminA, IU/gVitamin E, IU/gCa, %P, %18.85.559.814.8440.0241.70.37(1.2-1.4**)27.76.345.334.0560.0341.70.39100-000038.00.0724.12.320.5-44.21.8-4.3--10.82.122.77.070.416.6--1.41.623.76.555.834.5580.322.11.5* Analyses from Bernard and Ullrey (1989), Minnesota Zoo, Brookfield Zoo unless otherwise noted.** Unpublished data from the Brookfield Zoo and Minnesota Zoo indicates value may be closer to 1.2-1.4.*** From NRC (1982), shrimp meal process residue, and Pennington (1989), whole raw shrimp.Table 1.7. Milk composition of several mustelid species.*% of SolidsSpecies % Water % Solids Fat Protein CarbohydrateN.A. River OtterSea OtterMinkBadgerFerretHog-nose SkunkStriped Skunk62.069.978.368.981.476.565.469.4* From Burnette (1994); Robbins (1993).38.030.121.731.118.623.534.630.663.065.033.030.133.934.031.245.028.931.226.029.638.725.531.232.00.32.621.0-18.816.27.810.0Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Nutrition Section- 13 -
Page 2 and 3: IntroductionStatus……………
Page 4 and 5: Enrichment……………………
Page 6 and 7: Status of Asian OttersThe Red List
Page 9 and 10: NUTRITION AND DIETMike Maslanka and
Page 11 and 12: included a wide variety of fish (ca
Page 13 and 14: As mentioned previously, several ba
Page 15 and 16: Newborn and/or weakened cubs should
Page 17 and 18: chitin addition, special prescripti
Page 19: Table 1.3.Analyzed nutrient content
Page 23 and 24: Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry
Page 25 and 26: Appendix 1.2. Manufacturer Contacts
Page 27 and 28: AudubonBermuda AquariumBirmingham Z
Page 31 and 32: Health CareKristine R. Petrini, DVM
Page 33 and 34: ISIS normal reference values for Ao
Page 35 and 36: • Serum should be banked.• Urin
Page 37 and 38: 5 mg/kg SC or POPreshipment examina
Page 39 and 40: Injectable anesthetic agents can be
Page 41 and 42: • Serum, (antemortem or postmorte
Page 43 and 44: Diseases of the Asian small-clawed
Page 45 and 46: procedure can help minimize bacteri
Page 47 and 48: Concurrent infection with calicivir
Page 49 and 50: Dracunculus insignis ("Guinea worm"
Page 51 and 52: eeding season. The alopecia most co
Page 53 and 54: Laboratory Studies: (List bacterial
Page 55 and 56: GROSS EXAMINATIONGeneral Condition:
Page 57 and 58: Nervous and Sensory Systems: (Brain
Page 59 and 60: Copulatory bouts occur on land and
Page 61 and 62: Asian Small Clawed Otter (Aonyx cin
Page 63 and 64: HousingOtters are land animals that
Page 65 and 66: The holding area should include:A p
Page 67: EnrichmentCage FurnitureArtificial
Page 71 and 72:
plays a very active role in rearing
Page 73 and 74:
Action Plan for Asian OttersPat Fos
Page 75 and 76:
Hairy-Nosed Otter--(Lutra sumatrana
Page 77 and 78:
4. Environmental and other factors
Page 79 and 80:
1. The otter species probably disap
Page 81 and 82:
IndonesiaSpecies PresentAsian small
Page 83 and 84:
1. Analyses of dead otters and of t
Page 85 and 86:
2. People kill otters because of su
Page 87 and 88:
Legal StatusOtters have been on the
Page 89 and 90:
4. Disturbance by human settlement.
Page 91 and 92:
Legal StatusNo information availabl
Page 93 and 94:
Species PresentEurasian otterStatus
Page 95 and 96:
Health:-Do you perform regular rout
Page 97 and 98:
-Do you regularly weigh your animal
Page 99 and 100:
Vegetables-Apple __________________
Page 101 and 102:
-Are there any diagnosed nutritiona
Page 103 and 104:
-What is the breeding season for yo
Page 105 and 106:
-Have you observed any indication o
Page 107 and 108:
-How often and how much of the wate
Page 109 and 110:
Behavior and Social Organization:-W
Page 111 and 112:
Foster-Turley, P. 1992. Conservatio
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Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

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