Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Asian small-clawed otter is still found in many wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in Thailand,where it frequents streams, rivers, marshy wetlands, and the sea coasts. Outstanding numbers are foundin the western-forested arm and in the marshy wetlands in southern Thailand, including Nung Tung TongReserve and Pattani and Songkla Provinces.The smooth otter still occurs in the Huay Kha Khaeng Reserve in western Thailand; in the Tapi River,Phru-Toa-Dang Peat Swamp Forest, Bang Lan Dam and Ao Phangnga National Park in the south; andin the Mun River in the northeast.Legal StatusAll four otter species were officially declared protected wild animals of the first category by theMinisterial Regulation No. 10 in 1975, in accordance with the Wild Animals Reservation and ProtectionAct B.E. 2503 1960). According to this act, no persons shall kill protected wild animals of the firstcategory except for educational purposes or scientific research. Trading of otter skins and carcasses isalso prohibited by law.Threats1. Municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes in most waterways throughout Thailand have severelythreatened otter populations.2. Habitat destruction, including logging and hydroelectric projects which alter river systems, havereduced the habitat available to otters. The hydroelectric dams replace natural rivers with steepsidedreservoirs devoid of surrounding cover and thus unsuitable for otter habitation. The changingof mangrove forest into shrimp and fish aquaculture projects also diminishes otter habitats and putsotters in more direct competition with man.3. Competition with people for fish supplies has resulted direct killing of otters in areas where theywould otherwise, occur.4. Insufficient enforcement of existing wildlife laws and reserved areas provide little more than "paper"protection for otters and their remaining habitats.Conservation Priorities1. A complete survey of otters and their remaining handles needs to be initiated quickly to pinpointareas of critical concern for each otter species. Efforts should be made to determine areas wheresmall pockets of the Eurasian otter and the hairy-nosed otter might still occur.2. Habitats that still contain otter populations should be declared “otter reserves” and legal actionshould be taken to protect these areas. Existing protected areas also need to be more closelymonitored and protected.3. Public education programs should be initiated to develop awareness of the importance ofconservation of otters and other wetland inhabitants and of a clean environment in general.4. Reintroduction programs should not be considered at this time; efforts should focus instead onprotecting the habitats of the remaining otters in Thailand. Only if and when the overall pollutionproblems are solved, can otters be reintroduced into areas where they now no longer occur.TurkeyAsian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Action Plan83
Species PresentEurasian otterStatus and DistributionNo systematic observations. Said by Turan (1984) to have a wide distribution, occurring in most riversand lakes around the Black Sea and some rivers draining the Aegean Sea. Also known from theEuropean part of Turkey.Legal StatusNo information available.ThreatsThreats may be the intensification of agriculture in the lowlands, the building of irrigation canals, and thedraining Of some wetlands.Conservation PrioritiesA full field survey of this country, with its many important wetlands, is urgently required.VietnamSpecies PresentAsian small-clawed otter (?), smooth otter (?), Eurasian otter hairy-nosed otter (?)Status and DistributionOtters are widely distributed in Vietnam, from the south to the north, in a variety of habitats includingrivers, streams, swamps, lakes in the highlands, deltas, and along seashores and near shore islands.There are old records of all four Asian species, but there is great uncertainty about the current status ofany of them. Although it is known that otters still occur in reasonable numbers, their specific identityneeds to be clarified.Legal StatusNo information available.ThreatsHabitat destruction due to increasing human settlements along rivers in Vietnam.Conservation PrioritiesAn accurate survey and scientific investigation of the ecological and biological characteristics of otters inVietnam is necessary as an initial conservation effort The existence of all four species requiresconfirmation.Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual/Action Plan84
Page 2 and 3:
IntroductionStatus……………
Page 4 and 5:
Enrichment……………………
Page 6 and 7:
Status of Asian OttersThe Red List
Page 9 and 10:
NUTRITION AND DIETMike Maslanka and
Page 11 and 12:
included a wide variety of fish (ca
Page 13 and 14:
As mentioned previously, several ba
Page 15 and 16:
Newborn and/or weakened cubs should
Page 17 and 18:
chitin addition, special prescripti
Page 19 and 20:
Table 1.3.Analyzed nutrient content
Page 21 and 22:
NutrientGroundHorsemeatNebraskaFeli
Page 23 and 24:
Asian Small- Clawed Otter Husbandry
Page 25 and 26:
Appendix 1.2. Manufacturer Contacts
Page 27 and 28:
AudubonBermuda AquariumBirmingham Z
Page 31 and 32:
Health CareKristine R. Petrini, DVM
Page 33 and 34:
ISIS normal reference values for Ao
Page 35 and 36:
• Serum should be banked.• Urin
Page 37 and 38:
5 mg/kg SC or POPreshipment examina
Page 39 and 40:
Injectable anesthetic agents can be
Page 41 and 42: • Serum, (antemortem or postmorte
Page 43 and 44: Diseases of the Asian small-clawed
Page 45 and 46: procedure can help minimize bacteri
Page 47 and 48: Concurrent infection with calicivir
Page 49 and 50: Dracunculus insignis ("Guinea worm"
Page 51 and 52: eeding season. The alopecia most co
Page 53 and 54: Laboratory Studies: (List bacterial
Page 55 and 56: GROSS EXAMINATIONGeneral Condition:
Page 57 and 58: Nervous and Sensory Systems: (Brain
Page 59 and 60: Copulatory bouts occur on land and
Page 61 and 62: Asian Small Clawed Otter (Aonyx cin
Page 63 and 64: HousingOtters are land animals that
Page 65 and 66: The holding area should include:A p
Page 67: EnrichmentCage FurnitureArtificial
Page 71 and 72: plays a very active role in rearing
Page 73 and 74: Action Plan for Asian OttersPat Fos
Page 75 and 76: Hairy-Nosed Otter--(Lutra sumatrana
Page 77 and 78: 4. Environmental and other factors
Page 79 and 80: 1. The otter species probably disap
Page 81 and 82: IndonesiaSpecies PresentAsian small
Page 83 and 84: 1. Analyses of dead otters and of t
Page 85 and 86: 2. People kill otters because of su
Page 87 and 88: Legal StatusOtters have been on the
Page 89 and 90: 4. Disturbance by human settlement.
Page 91: Legal StatusNo information availabl
Page 95 and 96: Health:-Do you perform regular rout
Page 97 and 98: -Do you regularly weigh your animal
Page 99 and 100: Vegetables-Apple __________________
Page 101 and 102: -Are there any diagnosed nutritiona
Page 103 and 104: -What is the breeding season for yo
Page 105 and 106: -Have you observed any indication o
Page 107 and 108: -How often and how much of the wate
Page 109 and 110: Behavior and Social Organization:-W
Page 111 and 112: Foster-Turley, P. 1992. Conservatio
show all

Asian Small-Clawed Otter Husbandry Manual (1998)

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?