etude de la qualite des eaux d'un hydrosysteme fluvial ... - LTHE

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Therefore, in case of flood, water can be polluted by organic matter, heavy metals, and allkinds of bacteria and virus due to the lack of adequate sanitation facilities in the city. Duringfloods, water tanks, streets and houses, which are under storm water, are directlycontaminated by wastewater overflowing from sewers and channels. On the other hand,floods produce a flushing effect on streets and channels, carrying away dust sediments, andsolid waste upstream of the Nhue river, this cause damage to living condition and humanhealth. In low water period, dilution effects decrease and the water quality is worsened.Figure 1.1.16: Solid un-degraded waste in the To LichriverFigure 1.1.17: Fresh excreta released directly to the river16
2. Data base constructionIn order to construct and validate an ecological river model, a full database must include allnecessary information relating geology, topography hydrology and water quality of thesystem. In addition, demographic data is required to estimate the anthropogenic impact. In thefollowing sections, the data available for this thesis are presented. Most of the data werecollected in the frame of the French Vietnamese program in water quality and treatment. Athorough analysis of these data will be represented in this chapter.2.1. Available data prior the launch of the French Vietnamese programThe French-Vietnamese project on water quality and treatment (FVWQT) is not the firstresearch program in water quality of the Nhue river. Before, MOSTE (Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment) and its subordinate body – Hanoi’s DOSTE (Department ofScience, Technology and Environment)- have coordinated with different international andnational organizations - Canadian environmental protection agency, JICA, etc - forconducting environmental surveys in the Nhue-To Lich river system. However, the FVWQTis seen as the most interdisciplinary and long term program devoted specifically toinvestigation of the Nhue river water quality.Before that, the most well known project is JICA, a long term project provided with massiveinvestment. Unlike other short and restricted environmental researches, the JICA project isconsidered as a general program in air, water and soil for Hanoi’s environmentalimprovement. Its main target was based on current knowledge of environmental situation ofHanoi to propose and carry out a general plan for environmental improvement. Therefore, theportion for water quality assessment is very tiny compared to other portions like management,monitoring and treatment. Particularly in water quality treatment, the environmentalassessment was fallen apart and incoherent.17
Page 3: THESISFor obtaining the doctorate d
Page 6: 3. utilisation de ce modèle pour
Page 10 and 11: L’ensemble de ces indices permet
Page 12 and 13: 2. Modélisation du système fluvia
Page 14 and 15: 3. Caractéristiques principales de
Page 17 and 18: ForewordsThis thesis pursues an env
Page 19: Principal contentsIntroduction 1Pre
Page 22: framework for which it was develope
Page 25 and 26: PART 1: PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY5
Page 27 and 28: 1. The Nhue-To Lich river basins1.1
Page 29 and 30: 3.77 m for low and high irrigation,
Page 31 and 32: 1.2.2. RainfallFigure 1.1.4: Monthl
Page 33 and 34: Over the whole year, the monthly av
Page 35: Figure 1.1.15: Pie chart of land us
Page 39 and 40: 2.2. Organization of the field surv
Page 41 and 42: confluence point. The other points
Page 43 and 44: In summary, the frequency of the ex
Page 45 and 46: Point Time Level Discharge Cross-se
Page 47 and 48: conducted independently from the sc
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.2.7: DO in on-boat surveyF
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.2.9 presents the photos of
Page 53 and 54: degradable organic fraction in tota
Page 55 and 56: natural products chemistry led by P
Page 57 and 58: The analysis of chlorophyll-a is ca
Page 59 and 60: small comparison between DOC, BOD m
Page 61 and 62: 3. Hydrology of the Nhue-To Lich ri
Page 63 and 64: Figure 1.3.3: Gate structure at the
Page 65 and 66: The rating curve at Cau Den was als
Page 67 and 68: counted here is constantly distribu
Page 69 and 70: 4. Water quality of the Nhue-To-Lic
Page 71 and 72: Figure 1.4.5: DO extracted from mon
Page 73 and 74: the contrary, the low correlation o
Page 75 and 76: Figure 1.4.13: PCA of the upstream
Page 77 and 78: anthropogenic impact is short at th
Page 79 and 80: In conclusion, the seasonal variati
Page 81 and 82: NO3 in nitrification process requir
Page 83 and 84: PART 2: MODELLING OF THE NHUE-TOLIC
Page 85 and 86: IntroductionOne objective of this t
Page 87 and 88:
definition of the system identifies
Page 89 and 90:
Y = [(Σ((x c - x m ) 2 /x m,a )/n]
Page 91 and 92:
3. The validation criteria are form
Page 93 and 94:
1.2.2. Hydrodynamics and hydraulics
Page 95 and 96:
AQUASIM's second task is to perform
Page 97 and 98:
QUAL2 was specifically designed to
Page 99 and 100:
UK; Wallingford Software 1994); 8 =
Page 101 and 102:
system will be declared in the next
Page 103 and 104:
The performance of parameter estima
Page 105 and 106:
Based on these 3 factors, we have c
Page 107 and 108:
The lengths of the first, the secon
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 2.2.2: Rear Thuy Phuong dam
Page 111 and 112:
2.3.3. Biochemical conceptual schem
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1973; Yen, 1979; French, 1985). The
Page 115 and 116:
+ Heterotrophic growth on dissolved
Page 117 and 118:
The loss of heterotrophic biomass i
Page 119 and 120:
O 2 /l)P/l)S NH4 : concentration of
Page 121 and 122:
In contrast, the Nhue river is ofte
Page 123 and 124:
2.4.2.1.4. Estimation of the kineti
Page 125 and 126:
In fresh water environment, the equ
Page 127 and 128:
+ NH 4 exchangeIn this equation, th
Page 129 and 130:
τ cd : critical shear stress for d
Page 131 and 132:
The critical shear stress for erosi
Page 133 and 134:
2.4.2.2.6. Precipitation/dissolutio
Page 135 and 136:
The table 2.2.9 represents complete
Page 137 and 138:
3.2. Initial and boundary condition
Page 139 and 140:
N1TLSpecies Prior simulation After
Page 141 and 142:
3.3. Simulation prior to calibratio
Page 143 and 144:
adsorption in our river. The decrea
Page 145 and 146:
and an intermediate class 2 with
Page 147 and 148:
3. The half-saturation coefficients
Page 149 and 150:
negligible factor in the polluted a
Page 151 and 152:
3.5. Results of the post-calibratio
Page 153 and 154:
conceptual scheme and in providing
Page 155 and 156:
case of inundation. We suppose that
Page 157 and 158:
the inconsistence data employed in
Page 159 and 160:
4. Simulation of the transient stat
Page 161 and 162:
water discharge can dilute the diss
Page 163 and 164:
this modelling period with previous
Page 165 and 166:
4.4.1.3. Estimation of accumulative
Page 167 and 168:
4.4.2.2. Boundary conditions for un
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 2.4.19: Initial condition of
Page 171 and 172:
The diurnal variation is another tr
Page 173 and 174:
Figure 2.4.29: Simulated and measur
Page 175 and 176:
August 1 st to 4 th 2003. Of which
Page 177 and 178:
The wind speed was predicted from t
Page 179 and 180:
occurrence is regular whenever rain
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 2.4.47: Boundary condition o
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 2.4.55: Simulated and measur
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 2.4.59: Turbidity at NT1 in
Page 187 and 188:
PART 3: DISCUSSION167
Page 189 and 190:
IntroductionIn the previous parts,
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 3.1.1: Average chlorophyll-a
Page 193 and 194:
In conclusion, with high nutrient l
Page 195 and 196:
Dissolved oxygen (g O 2 /m 2 /d) NH
Page 197 and 198:
- DO balanceFigure 3.1.9: Dissolved
Page 199 and 200:
- NH 4 balanceFigure 3.1.11: NH 4 b
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 3.1.14: NH 4 balance in summ
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 3.1.15: Exponential relation
Page 205 and 206:
2. Investigations toward restoratio
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 3.2.3: Simulation based on d
Page 209 and 210:
The distance of recovery is hardly
Page 211 and 212:
upstream inflow. It also implies th
Page 213 and 214:
So far, the wastewater of the Hanoi
Page 215 and 216:
The simulation results of two varia
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 3.2.17: DO at NT2 in differe
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 3.2.21: Evolution of DO at d
Page 221 and 222:
As shown in simulation results, the
Page 223 and 224:
Conclusion and perspectivesConclusi
Page 225 and 226:
processes which were not measured.
Page 227 and 228:
1. Annex 1: Experimental protocols
Page 229 and 230:
PO 4P totalRange Method Standardsol
Page 231 and 232:
- Analytical methods+ BOD: Water sa
Page 233 and 234:
MgClSO 4HCO 3TraceelementsRange Met
Page 235 and 236:
2. Annex 2: Estimation of organic m
Page 237 and 238:
Ratios between heterotrophic bacter
Page 239 and 240:
- To assess the individual local pa
Page 241 and 242:
δmabsj=1n∑n i=1sijParameter rank
Page 243 and 244:
The above definition has a simple i
Page 245 and 246:
4. Annex 4: Mathematical formulas i
Page 247 and 248:
⎛∧ ⎜j = ⎜QC⎜⎝iQ ⎞∂C
Page 249 and 250:
6. Annex 6: Stoichiometric coeffici
Page 252 and 253:
Subs. ValueUnitaerobic sediment exc
Page 254 and 255:
kwind⎛= ⎜⎝ 3.6e1−1 225 10
Page 257 and 258:
DO evolution in Bell Jar experiment
Page 259 and 260:
Firstly of all, NH 4 and DO behave
Page 261 and 262:
Results of Bell Jar experiment at T
Page 263 and 264:
As clearly observed in the figure a
Page 265 and 266:
10. Annex 10: Parameter estimation
Page 267 and 268:
and parameter estimation. It is exp
Page 269 and 270:
First of all, an experimental layou
Page 271 and 272:
ate of phytoplankton also ranks low
Page 273 and 274:
ReferencesAalderink R.H., Klaver N.
Page 275 and 276:
Brown L.C. and Barnwell T.O. (1987)
Page 277 and 278:
Henze M., Grady C.P.L., Gujer W., M
Page 279 and 280:
Liss, P.S. and Slater, P.G. (1974)
Page 281 and 282:
Prieur N. (2001) Dynamique des cont
Page 283 and 284:
Smith, V. H., Tilman G. D., and Nek
Page 285:
Zonneveld C. (1998) A cell-based mo
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