2008 Summer Meeting - Leeds - The Pathological Society of Great ...

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P103Biopsy Pathology in HIV in the Era of HAARTA Agarwal 1 , R Adlington 2 , J Cartledge 2 , AD Ramsay 11 Histopathology Department, University College London Hospital,2 Infectious Diseases Unit, University College London HospitalThe introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) hasmarkedly improved patient survival in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infection. HAART prevents many opportunistic infections, but with increasedsurvival times patients can go on to develop a range of other pathologicalconditions. To assess these conditions, we have examined the spectrum ofdisease seen in recent tissue biopsies from patients with HIV.In 2006 we received 151 biopsies from HIV positive patients. The mostcommon specimens (50%) were haematological in nature, and included 41 bonemarrow trephines (27%), 29 needle core biopsies of lymph node (19%) and 21whole lymph node specimens (14%). 25 biopsies (17%) were from the GI tract,and the remainder were from a variety of sites including skin, salivary gland,chest wall, breast and nasopharynx.Lymphoproliferative disease was the commonest diagnosis, and was foundin 22% of biopsies. Diagnoses in this category included classical Hodgkinlymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, plasma cell Castleman’s disease,Burkitt lymphoma and primary effusion lymphoma. In 20% of the biopsies(mainly in bone marrows) there were non-specific HIV related changes, and in15% of the specimens the histology was non-diagnostic. Opportunisticinfections were seen in only 9 cases (6%).Our findings suggest that the most likely positive finding in biopsyspecimens from HIV patients is lymphoproliferative disease, and that infectiousdisease is now relatively rare. This should be taken into account whendetermining reporting strategies for biopsies from HIV positive patients.P105Rapid Reporting of Bone Marrow Trephine Biopsies – anAssessment of the Effects on Diagnostic AccuracyB Stevenson 1 , AD Ramsay 11 University College London HospitalA departmental audit in 2006 identified a turnaround time (TAT) for bonemarrow trephine biopsies (BMT) of 7 days. Streamlining fixation anddecalcification and the use of a rapid processor reduced the technical time, butwaiting for immunohistochemistry (IHC) remained a source of delay. At theclinicians’ request we instituted a new BMT reporting protocol whereby theConsultant issued a rapid initial report based solely on the H&E morphology. Asupplementary report with the IHC findings was added later. These measuresreduced the TAT to 2.5 days.To asses the diagnostic effects of this strategy, all cases subject to rapidreporting between October 2006 and October 2007 were retrieved and theinitial and supplementary reports compared.Over the year 73 cases were reported under this protocol, and 61 (84%)had IHC. The initial reports were classed as diagnostically useful in 67 cases(92%); the remaining 6 reports (8%) were purely descriptive. In 12/67 cases(14%) a firm diagnosis was made on morphology alone. In the remaining 55biopsies, IHC confirmed the morphological diagnosis in 44 cases (80%), addedinformation in 2 cases (4%), and in 9 cases (16%) resulted in significant changeto the initial diagnosis.Overall approximately 20% of the rapid initial reports were diagnosticallyunhelpful, either being purely descriptive (6/73, 8%) or later turning out to beinaccurate (9/73, 12%). We and the clinicians now need to decide if this level ofdiagnostic inaccuracy is acceptable in order to produce faster turnaround times.P104Atypical Morphology in Plasma Cell MyelomaA Agarwal 1 , AD Ramsay 11 University College London HospitalPlasma cell myeloma (PCM) represents 15% of all haematologicalmalignancies. PCM is a bone marrow-based multifocal plasma cell neoplasmcharacterised by a serum monoclonal protein and skeletal destruction withosteolytic lesions, pathological fractures, hypercalcaemia and anaemia. Thedisease results from the expansion of single clone of immunoglobulin secreting,terminally differentiated end stage B cells (plasma cells). Histologically plasmacells characteristically show eccentric nuclei, “clock face” nuclear chromatinand abundant basophilic cytoplasm with focal perinuclear clearing (hof). Wepresent a series of 6 cases of PCM where the plasma cells lacked this typicalmorphology, so that the diagnosis depended on the clinical history supplied andthe immunohistochemical findings.In 2007 we received 220 biopsies with a diagnosis of PCM. Whilst themajority showed characteristic plasma cells, we identified 6 cases (2.7%) thatshowed atypical morphology. In these cases the neoplastic cells variouslyresembled mast cells, histiocytic/monocytic cells, hairy cells, or melanoma.One case showed pleomorphic bizarre cells suggestive of a poorly differentiatedcarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive CD138 staining andimmunoglobulin light chain restriction in all cases, confirming the diagnosis ofPCM. A history of previous myeloma was present in four of the cases, raisingthe possibility that the atypical features were treatment-induced.Pathologists should be aware that neoplastic plasma cells can show anabnormal histological appearance, and where there is a history or clinicalsuspicion of PCM should always include CD138 and light chains in theirimmunohistochemistry panel.P106An Unusual Case of Granulomatous LymphadenitisJ Rutledge 1 , AE Hunter 2 ,WSR Hew 11 Department of Histopathology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK,2 Department of Haematology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.We describe an unusual case of a 61 year old man who initially presented withaxillary lymphadenopathy, which was reported as granulomatous lymphadenitis(special stains for micro-organisms and a lymphoma panel were negative).Approximately one year later the patient presented with lethargy, abdominalpain, weight loss and subcutaneous nodules over his trunk and limbs. CT scanrevealed persistent axillary lymphadenopathy and also splenomegaly.A second lymph node biopsy was performed and again histology showedgranulomatous lymphadenitis (special stains and a lymphoma panel werenegative). However, a biopsy of one of the subcutaneous skin nodules revealeda heavy dermal infiltrate of immature and atypical myeloid cells, which wasconfirmed by immunohistochemistry. Further immunohistochemisty wasperformed on the lymph node and this highlighted a heavy infiltrate of atypicalmyeloid cells that was not initially obvious on the H&E sections. A diagnosis ofa myeloid neoplasm was then suggested and a recommendation made toexclude acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Bone marrow aspiration and trephinewere performed and the appearances were consistent with a myelodysplasticsyndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia transformation.Granulomatous inflammation can be associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma andsome T cell lymphomas. This case describes an unusual presentation of AMLinvolving axillary lymph nodes which presented as granulomatouslymphadenitis.58 Summer Meeting (194 th ) 1–4 July 2008 Scientific Programme
P107Type and maturational status of dendritic cells in cutaneousB-cell lymphoproliferative disordersLJ Christie 1 , C Mackenzie 2 ,LBaker 3 , TJ Palmer 2 , JR Goodlad 41 Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee,2 Department of Pathology, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, 3 Department ofSurgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, 4 Department ofPathology, Western Infirmary, EdinburghEmerging evidence suggests that cutaneous B-cell lymphoproliferationsrepresent a continuous spectrum of disease, with polyclonal B-cell cutaneouslymphoid hyperplasia (BCLH) at one end and monoclonal cutaneous marginalzone lymphoma (CMZL) at the other. We believe it probable that dendritic cells(DCs) play a central role in the genesis and evolution of such cutaneouslymphoproliferations. As a preliminary step towards testing this hypothesis, wesought to compare the number, subtype and maturational status of DCs inbiopsy specimens showing features of BCLH and CMZL.Immunohistochemistry was used to identify Langerhan’s cells (Langerin),dermal DCs (DC-SIGN) and plasmacytoid DCs (BDCA2), and to differentiatebetween mature (CD83) and immature (CD1a) DCs. The mean number ofpositive cells/mm2 was calculated for each antibody in all cases.There were significantly more Langerhan’s cells and dermal DCs in BCLH thanCMZL, and significantly more mature DCs in BCLH than CMZL. Nosignificant difference was seen in the number of plasmacytoid DCs or immatureDCs.Mature DCs function as antigen presenting cells and are involved in priming T-cells, suggesting that these functions are important in the genesis of BCLH,consistent with the hypothesis that persistent localised antigenic stimulation isthe cause of these lesions. Conversely, immature DCs may play a moreimportant role in maintenance of established CMZL through modulation of theanti-tumour immune host response, since persistence of DCs with an immaturephenotype, as shown here, has been shown to lead to a state of immunetolerance.P109Role of Tissue Biopsy in the Rapid Diagnosis of Nodal &Extranodal LymphomasS El-Hady 1 ,HOmar 1 ,AAlgarni 11 King Fahad Specialist Hospital- Dammam, Saudi ArabiaAIM OF THE WORK: To find out reliable means for rapid and soliddiagnosis of lymphomas that can allow quick therapeutic intervention and savepatient lives.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens from 10 patients : 2 children and8 adults, were received in the Department of Pathology during December2007,January and February 2008; all with first presentation of their disease andrequiring rapid and solid diagnosis to allow immediate intervention. Specimenswere subjected to full pathologic examination including immunophenotyping.RESULTS: F.N.A.Cytology specimens from 3 cases, TRU-CUT BIOPSIESfrom 6 cases, and Multiple Endoscopic biopsies from 1 case, werereceived. Accurate diagnosis and typifying of lymphoma was reached in 8cases(i.e. 80% of cases), and was suggested in 2 cases which required opentissue biopsy for confirmation and immuno-phenotyping of the disease(micrographs of the findings will be presented).Mean period required for initialreporting in each case ranged from 1 hour to 24 hours; and diagnosis wascompleted in upto 4days , including immunophenotyping.CONCLUSION: F.N.A. CYTOLOGY specimens, TRU-CUT BIOPSIES, andENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES can be used reliably to allow rapid and soliddefinitive diagnosis of different types of lymphomas if two conditions arepresent : 1-Availability of ample amount of submitted specimen, e.g. multiplelong intact cores of tissue, and enough aspirated fluid to allow multiple smearand/or cell block preparation. 2- Close clinico-pathologic communicationbefore specimen taking.P108Identifying HIV Infection in Diagnostic Histopathology TissueSamplesSLucas 1 , M Moonim 2 , L Alarcon 2 , J Van Der Walt 2 ,U Mahadeva 2 .1 King's College London, School of Medicine, 2 St Thomas' Hospital,LondonUsing immunocytochemistry, HIV-1 infection can be visualised in fixed tissuesamples.AIM: To investigate the practicalities and utilities of routine HIV-1 p24immunocytochemistry on tissue samples received in a London histopathologylaboratory.METHODS: Over a 3-year period, 2005-7, fixed tissue samples from patients(age 2-65yrs) with and without known HIV infection, including primarydiagnostic biopsies, consultation referrals and autopsy material, were stainedwith Dako anti-HIV-1-p24 antibodies. Cases were selected that, on H&E stains,morphologically suggested HIV infection, eg lymphoid hyperplasia in nonlymphoidorgans, atypical germinal centres in lymphoid tissue (PGL), andencephalitis.RESULTS: Of 123 cases, 36 were HIV-1 p24+ve: 24/87 lymph node, 7/13Waldeyer's ring, 1/3 parotid, 1/2 anus, 2/5 lung, and 1/2 brain samples. In 10/36cases (28%), the p24+ staining was the first indication to clinicians that thepatient was HIV infected, and was reported as such. These included 6 lymphnode and 3 Waldeyer's ring and 1 parotid samples. The p24+ patients had bloodviral loads, where known, from
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PROGRAMME ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPublished
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Page 48 and 49: P65Colovesical Fistula - Complicate
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Page 66 and 67: P135Clinical significance of miR-21
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