Information

I n f o rm a t i o n

B a c k g r o u n dThe Information Division underwent severalorganisational changes between 1990 and 1993.This was partly due to LOOC’s organisationalchanges in connection with the transition fromfirst three, then four, and finally, one company,and partly due to the need for certain sections towork closer together during the staging of theGames.The idea behind the final organisational structure of thePress and Information Division was that LOOC’s overall pressactivities should be organised in one unit. Thus, the divisionwas divided into three sections:1.Media Contact dealt with the daily contact with the mediaand was responsible for organising 700 media tours withalmost 5 000 visitors. This section was also responsible forLOOC’s spokesperson function and all informationdistributed to LOOC employees and Team ‘94 members.2. Press Centres were established at the Main Press Centre,the sports arenas and the Olympic Villages. This sectionwas also responsible for the photographers.3. Publishing/Information Systems was responsible for allLOOC printed material and production of articles for themedia. This section was also responsible for developing theelectronic information system – INFO ‘94. The LanguageService which translated into English, French and Germanwas an integral part of the section. During the WinterGames, this section became the Lillehammer Olympic NewsAgency (LONA). LONA was the Lillehammer Games’ newscentral and communicated information through thefollowing channels: Olympic Radio, INFO ‘94, multimediaterminals for the public and two daily newspapers.The information director’s staff included a secretary, aconsultant responsible for the users of LOOC’s media facilitiesand a consultant responsible for coordinating between thevarious departments in LOOC. In the autumn1993, this consultant became press chief atBirkebeineren Ski Stadium, while the other twostaff members were responsible for informationactivities at the Main Press Centre (MPC) and atthe International Broadcasting Centre (IBC).During the Games, the same basicorganisational model was maintained, with theexception that the section dealing with media information wassplit up. Four persons went to various arenas to work withpress/information functions, while the others became part ofthe technical staff for the information director at the MainOperations Centre.

M e d i a C o n t a c tThe Media Contact Section becamepart of the Information Division inJanuary 1993.Professional media relations wasa high priority area. This sectionwas the Lillehammer Games’contact for all types of press andmedia. The section evaluated various events, mapped medianeeds and either provided the media with the information theyasked for, or put them in contact with persons who couldprovide them with the information.The section organised all of LOOC’s press conferences anddeveloped all press releases and press material. Media Contactwas also responsible for press visits.G o a lf To actively provide honest and relevant information to thepress and broadcasters so that the Lillehammer Gameswould be promoted both domestically and abroad.f To portray Lillehammer as a credible manager of theresponsibility, the resources and the tasks that the projectencompassed.S t r a t e g yWinter sports and the Winter Olympics are a major part ofNorwegian culture. Norway also has a long democratictradition with a great deal of attention and opennessconcerning the use of public funds. This meant that theLillehammer Games was exposed to a critical focus farexceeding that which most Norwegian enterprises mustendure. Many groups also wanted to use the Olympics topromote their own special causes. This meant that the sectionwas subject to tremendous pressure and faced enormouschallenges. The department’s strategy was:

f To gain acceptance from the management and theorganisation as a whole for the need for special expertise todeal with the media – and that the Media Contact Sectionrepresented that expertise.f To organise the information gathering so that relevanttopics could be quickly identified in order to be on theoffensive and try to influence the type of informationpresented in the media about the Lillehammer Games.f To develop routines, tools and material for quick andaccurate information communications, tailor-made to thevarious media’s needs. To prioritise the Lillehammernewspapers and media who had journalists dedicated tocover the Winter Olympics.f To promote special Olympic topics through seminars for thepress and broadcasters.f To develop guidelines and effective routines for dealing withvisits and queries from the press.f To work closely with the information departments in theIOC, TOP III companies, Team Birkebeiner and the officialsuppliers.f To ensure that all the section’s employees were easilyaccessible for close cooperation between the section and themanagement.Media information consisted of the following staff:f 5 press spokesmen and spokeswomenf 1 press consultantf 1 assistantf 1 secretary/visits coordinatorf 1 consultant paid for by the Olympic Region authoritiesP r e s s s p o k e s p e r s o nf u n c t i o nThe press spokesman function wasthe link between LOOC and themedia. This function was led by theDirector of Information.Each of the five pressspokespersons, as well as the press consultant, wereresponsible for specific LOOC departments with respect tomedia and information activity. The spokesperson functionenabled the various departments to be better prepared toanswer questions from the media, and more able to handlecases that could be expected to attract media attention.During the last year prior to the Games, the section offered24-hour service.During the evening and weekends, most media events werechannelled to the person on call from the section.The section also kept an overview of the whereabouts of thetop leaders and department managers at all times.All of the section’s employees and associated consultantsmet each morning at 08.30 hours. Prior to this meeting, theperson on call had gathered information on the day’s mediasituation. During the meeting, both the same day’s and nextday’s agenda for each department was discussed. Animportant part of the morning meetings was to devise mediastrategies. Media strategies were later discussed and draftedwith the department managers and the top management.Both before and during the Games, LOOC’s policy was to atall times inform the organisation’s employees of newdevelopments before informing the media. Thus, the in-houseinformation function worked closely with Media Contact.

R e g i o n a l m e d i a c o o r d i n a t o rRegional and local aspects of hosting the Olympic WinterGames in Lillehammer attracted significant media interest. Inorder to provide the press with the information they needed,as well as provide ideas and contact persons, a regional mediacoordinator was hired in January 1993.This position was established through a close cooperationbetween the Olympic municipalities, the county municipalities,LOOC, business organisations, the regional development fundand the regional tourist industry. The coordinator assisted themedia in obtaining information about the region, as well ascoordinating contact persons and meetings. The regionalmedia coordinator was one of two coordinators in LOOC whowere responsible for organising press visits.The project also offered various groups in the OlympicRegion a unique chance to create a practical network ofinformation in cooperation with the Press/Media Section inLOOC. It was also important for LOOC to have thisopportunity to communicate with the various groups.Besides organising press visits, the media coordinatororganised various information activities both before andduring the Games. A regional press tent (100 m 2 ) was placedat the arenas during the test events in 1993. These tentsproved to be a valuable meeting points for the press, whereNorwegian food, hospitality and information – as well asinteresting interview objects – were within reach.The coordinator continued working with information-relatedactivities after the Games in a post-Olympic developmentcompany.P r e s s v i s i t sStarting in 1992, Media Contact took over all responsibility forpress visits to LOOC. Previously, the visits had beenorganised by the Hospitality and Protocol Section.In addition to the daily contact with Lillehammer-basedmedia organisations, there were visits from national andinternational press, radio and television companies.This service involved planning programmes, practicalorganisation and follow-up. All of the visits were registered, sothat statistics of this could be made.R e s u l t s a n d e x p e r i e n c eLOOC’s statistics over press/media visits prior to the Gamesdo not cover the entire number of visits to the OlympicRegion, as a number of visits were not booked in advance andregistered. This number represents about a 10% addition tothe figures below. In addition, there were also a number ofvisitors to Lillehammer who never contacted LOOC.During the period from January 1991 to January 1994,LOOC organised 600 events for booked/registered pressvisits, in which more than 3 600 persons from more than 1 500companies from 37 countries participated. In addition, therewere also 1 100 visiting journalists present at the more than100 various events from September 1988 to December 1990.Accredited journalists and photographers covering themany test events such as World Cups are not included in thetable below.

Table 1.Number of events and persons on press visits per year(September 1988 – January 1994):Year: Event: Number of participants:1988.................................................25...........................................391989.................................................31.........................................5921990.................................................49.........................................4661991.................................................45.........................................3921992...............................................182.........................................9021993...............................................285.......................................21631994 ................................................79.........................................179Table 2.Number of persons on press visits according to nation(September 1988 – January 1994):Nation: Number: % of total:Norway......................................1879*........................................39.7USA............................................479**........................................10.1Sweden..........................................342..........................................7.2Germany ......................................205..........................................4.3Finland..........................................160..........................................3.4Denmark.......................................117..........................................2.5Japan.............................................115..........................................2.4U.K. .................................................75 .........................................1.6France..............................................68 .........................................1.4Italy..................................................48..........................................1.0Subtotal:......................................3488........................................73.6(Total all nations: ......................4733........................................100)* The number of visiting journalists from Norwegian mediacompanies does not reflect the total interest and coverage inNorway, which was also based on extensive use of pressreleases, telephone contact and press kits.)** Many of the visiting journalists from the USA worked asfreelancers and represented a large number of newspapersand magazines. This was also true of a number of radiojournalists. A significant number of newspapers in the U.S.A.were also in direct contact with LOOC via the telephone, faxand mail.Table 3.An estimate of the distribution of media categories accordingto the number of visits (January 1991 – January 1994):f TV approx. 195f Radio “ 50f Newspapers “ 500f Magazines “ 150f News agencies “ 120f Photographers (alone) “ 25f Others “ 125The category “Others” includes people from organisations,companies, media students, etc. A completely accuratecategorisation was impossible due to the large number ofmixed groups.C o n c l u s i o n sThe statistics reveal a gradual increase in the number ofmedia visitors beginning in 1992. The most visitors per monthin 1992 was registered in March (45 visits, just after theGames in Albertville) and September (52 visits in connectionwith events commemorating Lillehammer having beenawarded the Winter Games).The number of visitors increased significantly in 1993, withconsiderable interest in the one-year-to-go celebrations on 12February. Media Contact’s capacity for the dramatic autumn

increase – up to 144 visits per month – was far from sufficient,and this limited the amount of time for preparations, serviceand follow-up.O l y m p i c F e a t u r e P r e s s C e n t r ePress visits in 1993 showed that there was a great deal ofinterest in topics that were not directly related to the Olympicsports competitions. To meet this demand during the Games,a separate press office the Olympic Feature Press Centre wasestablished (1-28 February 1994).This centre was staffed with employees from the MediaContact and Press Spokesperson sections, the Ministry ofForeign Affairs, the Norwegian Trade Union, the official travelorganisation (NORTRA) and the Olympic Region authorities.This was the first time such a service was organised forOlympic Games. The Olympic Feature Press Centre wasestablished as an extension of LOOC’s Media Contact Section,and registered 1 300 visits from radio, newspaper andtelevision organisations during the Games.P r e s s C e n t r e sT h e M a i n P r e s s C e n t r e ( M P C )f 7 national Olympic committees rented information andservice officesf Kodak used 1 800m 2f Kodak developed 70 000 rolls of film during the Gamesf Kodak had 70 employees and 70 volunteers running theiroperationsf 431 Team ‘94 members and full-time LOOC employeesf 450 employees from sponsors/cooperation partnersf 420 parking places, of which 350 were for the pressf capacity of 7 million paper copies during the Gamesf Olympic radio with 19-hour broadcast in four languages(started 27 January 1994)f On 16 February, 450 000 messages on Info ‘94 wereregisteredf Daily Olympic newspaper for all accredited person in fourlanguages – started 7 February 1994f LOOC established an Olympic Feature Press Centre in theMPC. This centre provided information about theNorwegian travel industry, export industry, the OlympicRegion and environmental and cultural topics.f About 6 000 passes through the security checkpoint eachday.Key figures for the MPC:f 15 000m 2 surface areaf 4 600 m 2 rental space for the press, national Olympiccommittees and othersf an auditorium with 600 seatsf common workrooms with 550 seatsf a bar with 120 seatsf a snack-bar with 50 seatsf 120 Info ‘94 terminals in the buildingf 55 national and international agencies/newspapers rentedoffice space

V e n u e M e d i a C e n t r e s ( V M C )Even though LOOC organised a so-called “Compact Games” inwhich many of the arenas were located close to the MPC, itwas important to establish Venue Media Centres at eachsports arena. In all, nine VMCs were operative at the sportsarenas, as well as at the Lillehammer Olympic Village and theHamar Olympic Subsite Village.OrganisationIn LOOC, the responsibility for each VMC was assigned to aperson working under the section chief for the press centres.The function was supported by one additional consultant oneyear before the Games. In addition to having the responsibilityfor the VMCs at the sports arenas, the functionalso had responsibility for the Press/InformationSection’s activities at the Olympic Villages andMedia Accommodation sites. They were alsoresponsible for providing LOOC Transport withmedia transport requirements.The VMC managers and assistant VMCmanagers were hired in the autumn 1991. Mostof these people were external consultants with press and/orinformation backgrounds. They were compensated for lostincome in connection with the staging of test events,gatherings, arena group meetings and the Games themselves(60-70 days per person).Prior to the Games, the VMC leaders were organiseddirectly under the press/information director and were inclose contact with the Main Operations Centre (MOC).

P h o t oThe photo chief was employed two years prior to the Games.This person should, however, have been employed one yearearlier in order to have participated in the planning of thearenas.L O O C p r e s s p h o t oLOOC press photo organised and planned photo facilities forthe approximately 600 press photographers who came to theGames.Function:In the planning phase, LOOC press photo’s function was toestablish photo zones, build photo stands and define separatewalkways to the arenas, as well as organise thecollection of film for development.During the Games, the VMC photo chiefworked as the arena press chief’s representativeto ensure that the facilities for the photographersworked according to plans. The arena photo chiefalso played the role of mediator betweenphotographers individually or as a group, andreported to the photo chief and assistant photo chief.During the Games, the MPC was the headquarters for allphotography activity: most of the photographers had officesthere, all media transport started and returned to the MPC andall film developing took place there (with the exception of themini-lab at the VMC in Hamar).A study made by a market research company during theGames concluded that the media transport functionedsatisfactorily. There were in all 420 parking spaces at theMPC, of which 350 were reserved for the press. About 50parking spaces were reserved for the press at each arena. Inaddition, there were 20 all-venue-parking (AVP) spaces and200 all-venue-access (AVA) spaces reserved. AVP wasincreased by 10 parking places during the Games.M e d i a t r a n s p o r tThe Press/Information Section provided information about theestimated number of media travelling between the variousarenas, accommodation sites and the MPC and at what timesthey needed to be transported. In all, 110 buses were used totransport the media.

P u b l i s h i n g / I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m sP u b l i c a t i o n sThe need for publications waspresent already from the applicationphase in 1989. The need forinformation declined, however, asknowledge about the preparationsincreased and the organisationalaspects of the Games were in place. The target groups for theinformational material also changed. The following were givenfirst priority: the press and decision-makers in the Norwegianparliament, Government and various municipalities. Secondly,the various publications were designed for regional, nationaland international audiences.The overall goal was to show that the Lillehammer Gameslived up to the five qualities: spirit of community, spontaneity,participation, joy and fair play. This was achieved bymaintaining an editorial style which allowed room for both“grass root” enthusiasts and LOOC directors. Anotherimportant goal was to bring Lillehammer out to the world andthe world in to Lillehammer.1 9 8 9In 1989, the newspaper “Olympic Report” was published andwas distributed to all households in the Olympicmunicipalities. Local citizens had a particular need forinformation, and this newspaper was meant to give themunicipalities a boost. This newspaper was not continued.Partly because the local press did a good job coveringOlympic material and partly because the municipalities couldnot afford to continue the project.In 1990, the publication “In Brief” was published. The targetgroup for this publication was decision-makers in theNorwegian parliament, Government and municipalities. Thepublication included complete budget information for theLillehammer Games.1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 3In 1990, the section’s flagship “Olympic Update” waslaunched. It was important that the material in this magazinewas representative for the entire event, so the editorial staffworked with all of the departments to obtain material. The

publication was alsomeant to reflect theresults of LOOC’sactivities.In all, 15 issues of“Olympic Update”were published andthe magazine was primarily meant for the press, nationaldecision-makers, NORTRA and sports organisations. “OlympicUpdate” was translated into English and French. During thisinitial phase, it was particularly important to market LOOC’sDesign Programme.“Olympic Update” was a major and expensive project, but itwas financially profitable in that the magazine soldadvertisement space to a number of major sponsors. Themagazine presented a full range of Olympic activities underthe title “Information about Norway”:f What is a typical Norwegian?f What characterizes Norwegian society?Atlanta/Lillehammer’s joint cultural events, portraits of earlierOlympic gold-medal winners, a presentation of the culture anddesign programmes, a look back at earlier organising citiesand a colourful presentation of Norway.I n t e r n a t i o n a l r e s p o n s eInternational companies such as CBS and IBM showed greatinterest in “Olympic Update” and purchased several thousandcopies of each issue. This led to CBS making about 200reports about Norway, and CNN was in northern Norway(Finnmark) to produce a television programme.I n t e r n a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c eAfter some time, one felt that there was enough Olympicmaterial in the Norwegian press, and so sights were directedtoward a more international public. The goal was to putLillehammer in a national and international perspective. As aresult, “Olympic Update” was translated into English and40 000 copies were issued and distributed to 120 countries.T o p i c sAs mentioned, the goal was to give a widest possible editorialprofile, so “Olympic Update” also contained an extensivepresentation of all the Olympic arenas and a description of thecreation of Lillehammer as an Olympic organising site. Othertopics included the significance of the Torch Relay, aboutB r o c h u r e s a n d g u i d e sIllustrated guides were made for all Olympic arenas inNorwegian, English and French and included a map and anevent schedule. Various folders were also prepared specifyingthe time and place for various Olympic events.O l y m p i c G u i d eThe major publication for information material for use duringthe Games was the 160-page Olympic Guide ‘94 which wasissued in Norwegian, English and German. The publicationwas richly illustrated and described all the sports events andarenas, travel and transportation arrangements and culturalevents.

I n f o r m a t i o n f o r T e a m ‘ 9 4 m e m b e r sLillehammer Olympic Information Centre (LOI) prepared abrochure for recruiting Team ‘94 members.A r t i c l e s i n o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n sExisting medias were also used to channel information to thepublic. Particular attention was focused on LOOC’s“advertorial” in Time Magazine, as it was the first time aspecial advertising section was produced by people outside theTime organisation. This resulted in the magazine later writingan article about Sami culture.Several other articles were also published inthe IOC’s magazine and in NORTRA’s publication“Norway at your Service”.O l y m p i c n e w s p a p e r s H u g i n a n dM u n i nThe main newspaper Hugin was produced for allaccredited persons, but the main target groupwas foreign guests.The smaller newspaper Munin wasproduced for athletes and trainers,i.e. everyone living in the OlympicVillages.Organisation/staffingAt the MPC where the articles werewritten, edited and translated: asenior editor, an editor, one editor ondesk, nine reporters, a photographerand 20 translators. At the printingsite (a local newspaper’s printingfacilities): one editor (from LOOC),one language consultant (fromLOOC) and one representative from LOOC design, as well asstaff from the company doing the layout and from the localnewspaper itself.The editorial staff at the MPC was responsible for writingand editing articles in Norwegian and having them translatedinto English, French and German and then quality assured.After this, the information was sent electronically to theprinting site for layout design, final proofreading and printing.On Monday, 7 Feb. 1994, welcome editions of both Huginand Munin were issued. After this, Hugin was issued everyday from 10 Feb. to 28 Feb., while Munin came out every dayfrom 12 Feb. to 27 Feb.Until 15 February, 45 000 copies of Huginwere printed each day; Munin was printed in7 000 copies. The number of copies for Huginproved to be too high, so starting on Wednesday16 February, 25000 copies of Hugin wereprinted each day.External cooperation partnersNine reporters and one photographer wererecruited from Volda District College, whichspecializes in media studies.LOOC had an agreement with Allsport andScanFoto for photographs.The local newspaper GudbrandsdølenLillehammer Tilskuer (GLT) was responsible forprinting and distributing the Olympicnewspapers. GLT had hired the companyMillimeterpress AS to design the layout incooperation with one editor, one languageconsultant and one person from LOOC’s DesignDepartment. GLT had a distribution agreementwith Norway Post.

M e d i a G u i d eThe Media Guide had a format of 100 x 170 mm, and wasissued as follows: 6 500 in English, 2 500 in Norwegian and800 in French. The guide consisted of 300 pages and includedbus schedules. The Media Guide was meant to be an aid forthe Norwegian and foreign press during the Games andcontained all relevant practical information. The goal was toproduce a simple but informative publication. LOOC hired aproject manager and a text writer, as well as proofreaders forthe English and French versions. The production was in itsentirety contracted to an external production company. TheMedia Guide had a budget of NOK 1.7 million.The Media Guide had the following main chapters0. Introduction1. Olympic Region2. The Olympic Sports Programme3. Arena Press Centres4. Main Press Centre (MPC)5. International Broadcasting Centre (IBC)6. Media Villages7. Telecommunications8. Key information9. Media transportThe media guide was delivered on 7 February and wasavailable at the Main Accreditation Centre and service desks atthe MPC and IBC.R e s u l t s b o o kThe work with a results book began in August and September1993. LOOC’s Design Section started working on the designof the book. The department for results systems was givenresponsibility for collecting all official results on diskette asthe basis for the book. The results book was delivered 21March 1994 and distribution began immediately afterwards.A special project group was organised consisting ofparticipants from the following sections: Publishing,Information, Design, Computer/Results and Sport. Projectmanagers were assigned to the project from the Sport andPublishing sections. The Sport Section’s representative had avery demanding job of proofreading the content contained onthe lists. The 396-page book was published in 4 000 copies.Number of publications and copiesCopies Date of issue TitleNewspaper distributed in the Olympic Region85 000..............Jan 90................Olympic Report 1/90........(Norw.)15 000..............Mar 90...............Olympic Report 2/9048 000..............Jun 90................Olympic Report 3/9051 000..............Sep 90................Olympic Report 4/90100 000............Oct 90................Olympic Report 5/9051 000..............Dec 90...............Olympic Report 6/9050 000..............Jan 91................Olympic Report 1/9150 000..............Mar 91...............Olympic Report 2/9150 000..............Jun 91................Olympic Report 3/9150 000..............Sep 91................Olympic Report 4/9150 000..............Oct 91................Olympic Report 5/9150 000 .............Dec 91...............Olympic Report 6/91

Publications distributed in Norway5 000................Feb 90................Olympic Update 1/90.......(Norw.)10 000..............Jun 90................Olympic Update 2/9014 000..............Sep 90................Olympic Update 3/9015 000..............Dec 90...............Olympic Update 4/9016 000..............Feb 91................Olympic Update 1/9116 000..............May 91..............Olympic Update 2/9116 000..............Sep 91................Olympic Update 3/9116 000..............Dec 91...............Olympic Update 4/9115 000..............Jun 92................Olympic Update 1/9215 000..............Aug 92...............Olympic Update 2/9215 000..............Nov 92...............Olympic Update 3/9215 000..............Mar 93...............Olympic Update 1/9315 000..............Aug 93...............Olympic Update 2/9316 000..............Nov 93...............Olympic Update 3/9315 000..............Jun 92................‘94 Olympic Update 1/92...(Engl.)5 000................Jun 92................‘94 Olympic Update 1/92.......(Fr.)15 000..............Aug 92...............‘94 Olympic Update 2/92...(Engl.)5 000................Aug 92...............‘94 Olympic Update 2/92.......(Fr.)17 000..............Nov 92...............‘94 Olympic Update 3/92...(Engl.)3 000................Nov 92...............‘94 Olympic Update 3/92.......(Fr.)17 000..............Mar 93...............‘94 Olympic Update 1/93...(Engl.)3 000................Mar 93...............‘94 Olympic Update 1/93.......(Fr.)17 000..............Aug 93...............‘94 Olympic Update 2/93...(Engl.)3 000................Aug 93...............‘94 Olympic Update 2/93.......(Fr.)16 000..............Nov 93...............‘94 Olympic Update 3/93...(Engl.)3 000................Nov 93...............‘94 Olympic Update 3/93.......(Fr.)Publications distributed abroad14 000..............Apr 90...............Newsflash ...........................(Engl.)3 000................Apr 90...............Flash info................................(Fr.)24 000..............Jun 90................Newsflash 2/90...............(Engl&Fr)16 500..............Dec 90...............Newsflash 3/9015 000..............Jun 91................‘94 Olympic Update...........(Engl.)5 000................Jun 91................‘94 Olympic Update ...............(Fr.)5 000................Jun 91................‘94 Olympic Update.............(Ger.)25 000..............Feb 92................‘94 Olympic Update.........(Engl.)*10 000..............Feb 92................‘94 Olympic Update .............(Fr.)*5 000................Feb 92................‘94 Olympic Update...........(Ger.)*(*Special issue in connection with the Albertville Games.)

Information brochures distributed in Norway and abroad35 000..............Mar 90...............Lillehammer ‘94..........................General info......English, French, Spanish, German.180 000............Oct 92................International festival& sportsextravaganza. ........General info.250 000............Jun 93................International festival & sportsextravaganza......Norw., Engl., Fr.1 000 000.........Feb 94................International festival & sportsextravaganza.General info...Norw./New Norw.,.........................................Engl., Fr.40 000..............Nov 91...............Sponsor magazine 1994, 1...................................(Engl/Norw)40 000..............Apr 92...............Sponsor magazine 1994, 2...................................(Engl/Norw)10 000..............Mar 90...............In short 1994, applicationconcerning revision ofgovernment grant andsocial economic perspective.7 000 ...............Mar 90...............In short, Olympic arenas, (Norw.)3 000................Mar 90...............Facts & Figures, Olympic facilities3 000................Aug 90...............In short, 1994 Olympic Budget1 000................Sep 90................Facts & Figures,1994 Olympic Budget5 000................Apr 90...............1994 Lillehammer Games –Norway’s largest cultural event ever1 000................Aug 90...............Environmental goals –1994 OlympicsPublications immediately prior to and during the Games6 500........Jan 94.....................Media Guide..........................(Engl.)2 700 .......Jan 94.....................Media Guide........................(Norw.)800...........Jan 94.....................Media Guide..............................(Fr.)25 000 ......7-28 February. .........1994 Hugin(Norw., Engl, Fr., & Ger.)7 000........7-28 February.........1994 Munin....(English and French)129 230 .....................................Official Olympic Programme( N o r w .)31 270.......................................Official Olympic Programme.(Eng.)6 320 ........................................Official Olympic Programme(Fren.)10 772 ......................................Official Olympic Programme(special edition)4 000.........................................ResultsO l y m p i c R a d i oFrom 24 January to 6 February 1994, the Olympic Radiobroadcast eight times a day (somewhat less Saturdays andSundays). From 7-27 February, the station broadcasted 19-hours a day.The total staff consisted of 35 persons:f Managers 3f Administration 2f Technical personnel 6f Program managers/reporters 19 (5 students)f Assistants 5 studentsL i l l e h a m m e r O l y m p i c N e w s A g e n c y( L O N A )The Lillehammer Olympic News Agency was LOOC’s ownnews agency. The Olympic Radio, the Olympic newspaper andInfo ‘94 were the three pillars of the agency’s activities. Thedecision to establish LONA was made in 1991.Most of the staff of the news agency were media students(about 100) recruited from Volda District College. The

editorial staff consisted of LOOC employees from the pressand information area, as well as persons with professionalpress experience.E l e c t r o n i c i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m sI n f o ‘ 9 4Info ‘94 was the electronic information system providinginformation to accredited persons during the Games inLillehammer. The information in Info ‘94 was presented inthree languages: Norwegian, English and French. Thefollowing topics were available:f Sportf Historicalf Newsf Biographiesf Calendarf Weatherf Environmentf TransportThere was also accessto an electronic message service on the Info ‘94 terminals.The information was accessible from 12 189 touch-screensplaced in accredited areas, with a high concentration at thepress centres and accommodation sites.Info ‘94 was a collaboration project between IBM, AndersenConsulting and LOOC. Andersen Consulting was the officialsupplier of Case tools, system development services andapplication programs. IBM was the official cooperation partnerfor hardware and systems software, as well as technical andsystem support.Info ‘94 was operative from 5 to 28 February 1994.OrganisationInfo ‘94 was based on the system used for the Winter Gamesin Albertville 1992, Info ‘92.Emphasis was put on making the system user-friendly.Since users would not be receiving any training, it wasimportant to provide an overview of available information inthe very first screen display.The Information Division was responsible for Info ‘94,which meant that they were responsible for developingrequirement specifications and proposals for improvements.This applied to both the presentation systems and theregistration systems. Routines were also developed forcollecting and registering information prior to and during theGames.All the Info ‘94 applications – with the exception ofTransport – were tested at least once during the test events in1993.During the Games, Info ‘94 was updated by LONA.Information from the results and accreditation systems – andfrom sensors at the outdoor arenas – were automatically fedinto the system.Early in the development phase, Info ‘94 consisted of:a) Info ‘94 Documentation (five man-labour years)1 person from 1 Jan. ‘93 (librarian)1 person from 1 Jan. ‘93 (data registration)1 person from 1 Oct. ‘93 (data registration)b) Info ‘94 Editorial staff (two man-labour years)1 person from 1 Feb. ‘93 (journalist)1 person from 1 Jun. ‘93 (journalist)c) Info ‘94 Computer

Groups a) and b) were organised in the Press/InformationSection and group c) in the Computer Section.Info ‘94 was led by a project manager in thePress/Information Section. A project manager in LOOC’sComputer Section was responsible for the development andtechnical operation of the system.During the Games, the Info ‘94 and LONA staff included:a)NewsResponsible for news articlesStaff: 55 journalistsb)Info ‘94, DocumentationResponsible for the following functions: biographies, calendar,transport, sport, environment, historical and weatherStaff: five personsc)TranslatorsResponsible for translating both a) and b)Staff: 35 translatorsd) System supportProvided systematic support for Info ‘94 and the registrationsystems for the various applications (with the exception ofthe registration system for news, which was IBM’sresponsibility).O r g a n i s i n g a n d r e g i s t e r i n g i n f o r m a t i o nNewsThe information included news from the Olympic area, as wellas press releases issued by LOOC, the IOC and theinternational sports organisations. The news was written byjournalists and was electronically transmitted from the arenasto the main LONA news desk at the MPC. At the main newsdesk, the articles were rewritten, translated and published. Aseparate registration system was developed based on LotusNotes for registering news.BiographiesA biography for each athlete and for each team was made.The Biography function was a new function in relation tothe Info ‘92 system from Albertville, and separate registrationsystems were developed for mainframe and PC computers.The Biography function for athletes consisted of four types ofinformation:1)biographical information:Consisted of information such as name, birthdate,birthplace, residence, height, weight, number of children,marital status, occupation, sports club, trainer, hobby,favourite music, favourite food and favourite drink.2)earlier results:Consisted of the athlete’s results from the following:Olympics, World Championships, World Cups, EuropeanChampionships (1988-1993) and World Cup races(1993/1994 season).3)Olympic results:Consisted of information regarding the athlete’s resultsduring the current Winter Games.4)special information about the event:Consisted of personal records in events; information aboutmusical selection and choreography for Figure skatingevents; and Ice-hockey statistics.Information 1), 2) and 4) were entered into the Info ‘94system prior to the Games. About five man-labour years wereused for this work which started right after the AlbertvilleGames.The registration of historical information started 1 April1992. The registration of information from the biographyforms started 1 June 1993.

CalendarThis application presented the programmes for cultural, sport,and press events and activities.Culture calendarThe Olympic Arts Programme was entered into the systembefore the Games. Changes in the programme during theGames were made by Info ‘94 documentation staff. Ticketinformation for the various events was updated each day.Sports calendarThe sports calendar was registered and updated by staff in theComputer Section because of the complex interface to theresults and registration systems. This information was enteredinto the system just prior to the start of the Games.Press calendarThe programme for press conferences was registered andupdated by Info ‘94 documentation staff during the Games.The documentation unit worked closely with the bookingoffice at the MPC in connection with daily updates.TransportThis application contained maps and route schedules for bustransport for Team ‘94 members, media and participants, aswell as articles describing various types of special transport.The route schedules were transferred automatically from theTransportation Section’s computer system.Information was updated daily during the Games.HistoricalThis application contained articles and overviews of Olympicmedal winners from all of the earlier Winter Games. Thisapplication was new in relation to the Info ‘92 system atAlbertville. The system also provided all results from OlympicWinter Games (1924-1992), European and WorldChampionships (1988-1993) and World Cup races in the1993/1994 season.The articles and medal overviews were written by externalconsultants and entered into the system prior to the Games.Some of the historical information was taken from the Info‘92 system, but most was entered into the system by Info ‘94documentation staff. The sports results from 1924 to 1988were quality controlled by consultants. Historical informationwas not updated during the Games.WeatherThis application offered weather forecasts for the OlympicRegion and weather parameters for the outdoor arenas withinformation such as snow temperature, humidity and airtemperature.This weather application was mostly new compared to theInfo ‘92 system, which only offered weather forecasts.The weather forecasts were prepared by the NorwegianMeteorological Institute (DNMI) and was updated three timesa day. DNMI was responsible for quality assuring the onscreentexts.SportThis application contained start and results lists for all theevents. It also contained detailed descriptions of eachdiscipline, as well as graphic presentations of competitiontracks and the Olympic arenas.Start lists and results were automatically transferred fromthe results system.Sport and arena descriptions were written by Info ‘94journalists.

Track profiles and arena profiles wereprepared by LOOC Design in cooperationwith the Sport Section.EnvironmentThis application contained environmentalnews, a list of environmental measurementstaken in the Olympic Region and feature articles about LOOCand Norway as organisers of “Green” Games.The environment application was a newly developed servicein relation to Info ‘92, and was a joint project between LOOCand EUREKA (environmental project).Articles were written by external consultants before theGames. News was produced by journalist students during theGames. Environmental parameters were transmitted fromsensors placed in areas with possible high concentrations ofair pollution.The same registration system for environmental news wasused for the application news.Most articles were entered into the system by the ComputerSection before the Games.M u l t i m e d i aMultimedia was an electronic information system offeringinformation to the public before and during the Games.Multimedia was a joint project involving LOOC and IBM.Multimedia was in operation from May 1993 to March 1994.During this period, photos and text were updated three times;video sequences were updated once. Information was availablein two languages: Norwegian and English. The informationconsisted of:f The Olympic programmef Athletic disciplinesf Arenasf Sponsorsf NewsInformation was available from 20multimedia terminals placed at strategic sites such asinformation centres and railway stations.LOOC was responsible for developing requirementspecifications and content for the system, as well as updatingthe information. IBM was responsible for developing andrunning the system.News was updated by a Multimedia editorial staff consistingof one journalist. The updates were made by a separate PCregistration system and sent via modem and satellite to theterminals.O l y m p i c t e l e p h o n eThe Olympic telephone was an automated telephoneanswering service for the public, offering the followinginformation:f Newsf Pre-Olympic programmef Olympic programmef Olympic productsf Accommodationf Transportf Cooperation partners

The Olympic telephone was a cooperation project betweenLOOC and Norwegian Telecom. LOOC was responsible formaking market studies and developing requirementspecifications.Norwegian Telecom was responsible for developing andrunning the system.All information was updated by a LOOC journalist.The service began September 1992. As the service was usedless than expected, the service was discontinued in October1993 and all telephone queries were answered by an operatorbasedtelephone service.P h o t o a n d v i d e o d o c u m e n t a t i o nThe documentation of all Olympic activities started in January1990. Local photographers were contacted and hired in asconsultants. Contracts were signed with ScanFoto forphotographs and NRK Oppland for video. These companiesestablished Lillehammer Olympic Photo Archive and LOOCand NRK Oppland’s Olympic archive (stock-shots). In 1992, acontract was signed with one of the world’s largest photoagencies (Allsport UK) concerning the use of photographsfrom their archives and all photographs taken at theLillehammer Games. A verbal agreement was also made forexchanging photographs with some of LOOC’s cooperationpartners. This applied to, for example, Kodak Norway, KodakUSA, Time, Sports Illustrated and CBS.P h o t o d o c u m e n t a ti o n p r i o r t o t h e G a m e sThe most important feature of the photo documentation was tofollow the development of the construction of the arenas. Eachmonth, the arenas were photographed both from the groundand the air. ScanFoto’s archive as of 1 April 1994 consisted ofabout 70 000 photographs. The archive has supplied an entireworld with pictures from Lillehammer. The interest in thisfrom newspapers, magazines, journals and sponsors wastremendous. The archive will remain at ScanFoto who ownsthe rights to all the photos. LOOC and the post-Olympicorganisation will still continue to have access rights to thephotographs at a very low price.An investment which has been profitable both creativelyand financially is the work local photographers have done.Without them, it would not have been possible to obtain suchhigh quality photographs in such a short time.In addition to the large production of stock-shots, threemulti-vision programmes were made and shown in theLillehammer Olympic Information Centre (LOI). Theseprogrammes are some of the most viewed multivisionprogrammes in Norway.The following multi-vision programmes were produced:f Lillehammer ‘94f Olympic Countdown ‘94f Olympic Facts ‘94The programmes are from 12 to 14 minutes long, and wereshown in four language versions: English, German, Frenchand Norwegian. Special music was composed for theprogramme which was shown by eight projectors. Theprogramme was regularly updated.P h o t o d o c u m e n t a t i o n d u r i n g t h e G a m e sLOOC hired eight professional photographers to documentthe Lillehammer Games. The photographers were not paid fortheir work, but retained ownership rights to all their work.Originally, the photographs were meant to be used for theofficial final report, but one quickly understood that theycould be used for other purposes. The multivision programme“Olympic Experience” and a picture book are but twoexamples.

P h o t o s t a t i s t i c sPrior to the GamesNumber of working days ScanFoto:...................................310 daysNumber of films (135mm and 120mm).............approx. 1 700 rollsNumber of working days for otherphotographers than ScanFoto:.............................approx. 115 daysNumber of films LOOC/otherphotographers (135mm and 120mm):..............approx. 3 000 rollsDuring the GamesNumber of rolls of film used:Kodak Panther 100 and 100X, 135 film:.........................1 500 rollsKodak Panther 100, 120 film:.............................................800 rollsKodak Kodakchrome 25, 135 film:.......................................50 rollsKodak Kodakchrome 200, 135 film:...................................100 rollsL a n g u a g e s e r v i c e sO r g a n i s a t i o nThe Language Services Group was established in February1991 in connection with the employment of LOOC’s firsttranslator. The service coordinated all translation work for thevarious LOOC departments.A centralized translation service led to more effectiveadministration and better quality assurance of texts.A contract was quickly signed with a translation agency. Theagency would assist in most of the organisation’s translationwork. Emphasis was put on concentrating the translation workon as few translators as possible, and so special Olympictranslators were designated.Daily contact with the agency took place via telefax andmodem.Expenses for translation assignments were charged to eachdepartment’s budget. The Language Services Group was incharge of sending the texts for translation and receiving thetranslated texts for in-house quality control and distribution.The Language Services Group was originally located in theFinance and Administration Division. However, because of aneed to work closely with other information activities, theservice was quickly moved to the Publishing Section in theInformation Division.As a result of increased workload, it was necessary toemploy more translators in LOOC. Internal quality controlproved to be even more important. Large numbers ofdocuments were to be translated, and the need for insight intoall of the organisation’s projects was necessary to deliver asatisfactory product. Professional translators were recruitedwhose native languages were English, French and German.As of the summer 1993, the group consisted of seven full-timetranslators.Because of the increased need for translations, the group’snetwork of consultants was expanded. Another translationagency was contacted to help out in the most hectic periods.Freelancers were also used.Setting language standards and policy were important partsof the translators’ work. Emphasis was put on developingwriting rules and setting standards for consistent style.Consultancy was another important part of the group’s workfor other departments and for other groups working withOlympic matters, for example, Lillehammer Municipality.In cooperation with the Council for Technical Terminology,the Olympic dictionaries from Calgary and Albertville werefurther developed and Norwegian terms added. Thedictionary was registered in an electronic database which wasan important tool for the translators before and during theGames.

D u r i n g t h e W i n t e r G a m e sDuring the Lillehammer Games, the Language Services Groupwas part of the Lillehammer Olympic News Agency (LONA).The service consisted of 35 translators: six full-time employeesand 29 consultants/volunteers, who provided translations forthe news agency’s electronic information system Info ‘94, theOlympic newspapers Hugin and Munin , Multimedia and theOlympic Radio.The work recruiting volunteer translators began spring1993. Because of the difficulty in finding properly qualifiedtranslators to work as volunteers, agreements were made withthe group’s freelance translators so that they could participateduring the Games.Together with the LOOC translators, the consultants madeup a proofreading group who quality assured all of thetranslated texts.During autumn and winter 1993/1994, LONA participated inthree test events. The goal was to test the computer system’sfunctionality in relation to translation activities and to train thetranslators. During the test events, courses were held toinform about the various computer registrationsystems, about LONA’s customer groups andabout sports and Olympic terminology. The testevents were important factors in motivating thevolunteer translators for the Winter Games.During the test events, a number of problemswith the computer systems were uncovered.There were 35 translators during the Games.Twelve English and French translators were designated towork on Info ‘94. Nine English, French and Germantranslators were designated to work on the Olympicnewspapers. Translators for Multimedia and the OlympicRadio were taken from the above-mentioned staff when and ifthey were not busy.Because of LONA’s demand for professional translations, aquality assurance group was formed. The group consisted ofLOOC translators in addition to a number of LOOC’s externalconsultants. The group performed quality control andeventual rewrites of the translated material in order to ensurethe desired level of quality and correct terminology.The Language Services Group also had one of itstranslators at the site where the layout and publishing of theOlympic newspapers took place. This person proofread all ofthe translated texts and often had to compose titles andpicture captions.