RPVs from various Air Force, Navy, Army, and Marine Corps locationsaround the region of interest. While air campaign planners identify thestrategic targets to strike, these assets fly to designated air occupationareas.One highly experienced cybornaut has a rating of 9, meaning she (thisparticular cybornaut is a female) can proficiently monitor the status ofnine vehicles at a time. Military leaders at the C 2 module assign her nineexpendable RPVs, as well as three targets. The first target priority is amajor bridge. The C 2 module sends each cybornaut a situational update,as well as the latest in<strong>for</strong>mation on assigned targets. The cybornautbrings up a display of all vehicles assigned to her and selects three <strong>for</strong> thefirst attack. She directs the six others to hover in preselected safe areasdispersed throughout the theater.The three vehicles selected are presently north, south, and east of theintended target. Three displays now come up—one <strong>for</strong> each vehicle selected—andshe directs them towards the bridge coordinates. At this pointin time, she inputs heading, speed, and altitude in<strong>for</strong>mation. Her intent isto avoid known enemy threat rings and to converge nearly simultaneouslyin the airspace over the bridge. On the way to the target area, one vehicledetects a missile radar signature at a previously unknown location; andthe cybornaut immediately passes this in<strong>for</strong>mation to the C 2 module. Asthe three vehicles near the bridge airspace, the cybornaut has them hoverand activates specific cameras in each one.Vehicle one is at a higher altitude, and the cybornaut sets it to collectsynthetic aperture radar imagery to locate the bridge and other surroundingman-made objects. Vehicle two is at a medium altitude, and sheuses IR imagery to detect levels of activity in the bridge area. It is nighttime,but starlight exists; and she switches on vehicle three’s electro-opticalcamera (night-vision capable). Un<strong>for</strong>tunately, the area has lingeringfog so she switches vehicle three to its IR camera. As vehicle three hoversand collects imagery of the target, the cybornaut flips down a visor andselects vehicle two <strong>for</strong> attack.The visor provides a virtual reality world from the perspective of lookingout from the RPV’s nose portion. The cybornaut’s entire field of view is thesame as seen by the vehicle’s camera. She now has the cybornautic sensationthat she is physically flying as she looks out into air ahead, spaceabove, and ground below. Similar to a heads-up display, the system providesin<strong>for</strong>mation on the vehicle’s flight characteristics in the cybornaut’sarea of vision. With each movement of her head, the camera in the noseof the vehicle corresponds accordingly. As she provides input to fly the vehiclevia controls in the armrest, cybornautics has her chair roll, pitch,and turn to generally simulate the vehicle’s movements. Taking aim at thecenter span of the bridge, she arms the vehicle’s explosive weapons systemand prepares to dive. At this moment the cybornaut spots a bus enteringone end of the bridge. She pulls up and hovers as it crosses thebridge. When it safely reaches the other end, she resumes her dive. The65
cybornaut activates engine thrusters and, at the end of an accelerated 20G-<strong>for</strong>ce dive (the cybornaut visually sees the acceleration but does notphysically experience G <strong>for</strong>ce), vehicle two explodes into the bridge’s centerspan. At impact the connection ceases to exist, and she switches totake control of vehicle three.Flipping the visor up, the cybornaut looks at her displays and rewindsthe last 20 seconds of vehicle three’s video. As she replays the video, sheactually witnesses her own attack conducted less than a minute earlier;the cybornaut watches as vehicle two makes its dive attack into thebridge. Antiaircraft fire has begun and is increasing in intensity so she directsvehicle one to an even higher altitude. Flipping the visor back down,she regains cybornautic control of vehicle three and circles over thebridge. The cybornaut can see her attack with vehicle two has taken outa large portion of the center span, but one lane is still intact. From the intelligencereport received just prior to the attack, she knows she must destroythe span to ensure she completely severs telephone cables runningunderneath it. She immediately arms the explosive weapons and cybornauticallypilots vehicle three into the remaining portion of the structure.Keeping the visor down, she switches to vehicle one. Directing its syntheticaperture radar camera towards the target, the cybornaut sees thatshe has completely destroyed the center span. Alternating between othercameras, she collects different images of the destroyed center span. Lookingback at the work station displays, she now directs vehicle one towardsthe next target—an electrical power plant. This particular target has heavilydefended aim points, so she selects three additional expendable RPVsto join in the attack.At the command post module, decision makers witness the bridge attack,as well as all other expendable RPV attacks, in near real time. Decisionmakers approve updates to situation displays, and they reallocatethe remaining expendable RPVs as required. Leaders review and selectportions of video from vehicle two and vehicle three used in the bridge attackdescribed above; these they authorize <strong>for</strong> release to the Cable NewsNetwork, as well as other televised news media. The clips clearly show theprecision of the attack, the limited collateral damage, and the documentedfact that the cybornaut temporarily delayed the first strike until the bushad safely crossed.In conclusion, this scenario presented a situation where the UnitedStates explored, developed, and successfully employed expendable RPVsin a strategic offensive airpower role. US military and political leaders realizedthey could no longer simply adapt to the changing environmentwith belated upgrades to existing military systems and strategies.This study does not suggest taking the pilot out of the cockpit butrather taking the cockpit out of the aircraft. The idea that artificial intelligencewill someday not only allow systems to operate autonomously butalso to make decisions on their own has been in existence <strong>for</strong> quite some66
- Page 1 and 2:
Expendable Remotely PilotedVehicles
- Page 3 and 4:
ContentsChapterDISCLAIMER . . . . .
- Page 5 and 6:
AbstractThe future holds an acceler
- Page 7 and 8:
AcknowledgmentsI thank all the stud
- Page 9 and 10:
aircraft. Incorporating the added d
- Page 11 and 12:
UAVs were more easily defined when
- Page 13 and 14:
Chapter 4 answers the question: Why
- Page 15 and 16:
Chapter 2History and BackgroundWe h
- Page 17 and 18:
The Wright brothers are deservedly
- Page 19 and 20: aerial bombs), the British took the
- Page 21 and 22: UAVs during World War II to a few g
- Page 23 and 24: On 27 October of that year, another
- Page 25 and 26: United States to look beyond reconn
- Page 27 and 28: ary 1996, Gen Ronald R. Fogleman, A
- Page 29 and 30: 29. Shaker and Wise, 28.30. Michael
- Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3Strategic Offensive Airpow
- Page 33 and 34: ombs, as well as a high sortie rate
- Page 35 and 36: It thus follows that future air cam
- Page 37 and 38: possible for small formations to ac
- Page 39 and 40: spite the successes, it is easily p
- Page 41 and 42: The transmissions used by a control
- Page 43 and 44: 33. Air Force Scientific Advisory B
- Page 45 and 46: diverted 75 percent of its B-29s aw
- Page 47 and 48: Table 6Remotely Piloted Vehicle Adv
- Page 49 and 50: million dollars each. The unit flya
- Page 51 and 52: Relative Ranks for Fewer Design Con
- Page 53 and 54: mission) the open bomb bay doors si
- Page 55 and 56: Relative Ranks for Flight Noise Are
- Page 57 and 58: Owens also stated that the military
- Page 59 and 60: All forms of manned and unmanned ai
- Page 61 and 62: Relative Ranks for Reliability Area
- Page 63 and 64: KEY: ● Major Advantage Counterba
- Page 65 and 66: 7. “Report: Military Crashes Down
- Page 67 and 68: 62. McGonigle, 34.63. Ibid., 33.64.
- Page 69: expendable RPVs, American political
- Page 73 and 74: Chapter 6ConclusionConstant evaluat
- Page 75: one role. A countless combination o