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Karnataka Human Development Report 2005Anaemia in childrenAnaemia has serious implications for children’smental and physical growth as well as makingthem vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thehigh-risk group is children aged 6–24 months.The level of anaemia for children age 6 to 35months as measured in NFHS-2 (Karnataka)shows that about 71 per cent of children havesome level of anaemia: 20 per cent are mildlyanaemic, 43 per cent are moderately anaemicand 8 per cent are severely anaemic. Mainly,boys, children in rural areas and SC and STchildren have high levels of anaemia (Table6.19). The level of anaemia among children inKarnataka is lower than in Andhra Pradesh andall-India (Table 6.20).TABLE 6.18Average intake of foodstuffs (gm/day) of children: Karnataka 2004Foodstuffs Children 1–3 years Children 4–6 yearsCereals and millets 136 229Pulses 9 22Leafy vegetables 5 12Other vegetables 9 23Roots and tubers 14 13Milk and milk products 37 84Fish/Meat 2 2Fruit 14 21Fat and oil 3 5Sugar and jaggery 10 11Source: National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, NIN: Assessment of Diet and Nutritional Status of Rural Community,2004.TABLE 6.19Percentage of children aged 6–35 months classified as having anaemia by background characteristics: KarnatakaBackground characteristicsBy sex of the childResidenceCastePercentage of childrenwith any anaemiaPercentage of childrenMild anaemia Moderate anaemia Severe anaemiaMale 72.7 17.5 45.6 9.4Female 68.4 21.9 40.8 5.8Total 70.6 19.6 43.3 7.6Urban 66.3 19.5 41.7 5.1Rural 72.7 19.7 44.1 8.9SCs 77.7 21.9 46.4 9.4STs 71.9 18.1 43.8 10.1Low 78.8 18.1 51.0 9.7Standard of living Medium 68.7 19.3 41.8 7.5High 62.0 23.9 34.6 3.5Source: NFHS-2, Karnataka, 1998-99.TABLE 6.20Percentage of children aged 6–35 months classified as having anaemia: Karnataka and selected statesStatesPercentage of childrenPercentage of childrenwith any anaemiaMild anaemia Moderate anaemia Severe anaemiaAndhra Pradesh 72.3 23.0 44.9 4.4Haryana 83.9 18.0 56.9 7.1Karnataka 70.6 19.6 43.3 7.6Kerala 43.9 24.4 18.9 0.5Rajasthan 82.3 20.1 52.7 9.5Tamil Nadu 69.0 21.9 40.9 6.9India 74.3 22.9 45.9 5.4Source: NFHS-2, India, 1998-99.141
Demography, Health and NutritionAbout 42 per cent ofwomen in the reproductiveage are anaemic. All agegroups are uniformlyaffected, with a slightlyhigher prevalence inyounger ages, which isa matter of concern, asthey constitute the largestproportion of the fertilepopulation among womenin the state.Women’s nutritionThe consumption of a varied and nutritious diet iscrucial for the health of all people but particularlyfor women in the reproductive age. For abalanced diet adequate quantities of protein, fat,carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins are requiredand these are found in meat, fi sh, egg, milk, pulses,cereals, vegetables and fruit. NFHS-2 data on theconsumption pattern among married women(Table 6.21) shows that a majority consumepulses and milk/curd at least once a week. Morethan 90 per cent eat vegetables once a week andabout 54 per cent eat fruit at least once a week.Women in urban areas consume a greater varietyof food items than rural women. The consumptionof all food items is relatively low among SC andST women. Women with a high standard of livinginevitably have the highest consumption of allfood items.The nutritional status of the ever marriedwomen is expressed through body mass index(BMI). The BMI is the product of weight inkilograms divided by squared height in metresand expressed as (kg/m 2 ). The cut-off point forheight, below which a woman can be identifi edas nutritionally at risk, is in the range of 140-150cm. The average height of women in Karnatakais 152 centimetres (one cm taller than theall-India average). The mean height for womenin Karnataka varies slightly among differentgroups and only about 10 per cent are under145 centimetres in height.The mean BMI for women in Karnataka is 20 andvaries within a small margin of 19-23 in differentgroups. About 39 per cent of women have aBMI below 18.5 indicating a high prevalenceof nutritional defi ciency. Nutritional defi ciency ishigher among women who are from rural areas,illiterate, low income and among SCs and STs.(Table 6.22).The percentage of women with BMI below thenorm is 38.8 in Karnataka as compared to 35.8per cent for all-India. A comparison with thesouthern states shows that Karnataka has thehighest proportion of women with BMI below thenorm (Table 6.23).Anaemia among womenGiven the inadequacy of their diet, iron defi ciencyanaemia is widely prevalent among the evermarried women in the age group 15-49. About42 per cent of women in the reproductive age areanaemic. All age groups are uniformly affected,with a slightly higher prevalence in younger ages,which is a matter of concern, as they constitutethe largest proportion of the fertile populationamong women in the state. In order of severity,Background characteristicsTABLE 6.21Women’s food consumption by background characteristics (at least once a week)Milk or curdPulses orbeansGreen leafyvegetablesType of foodOthervegetablesFruits Eggs Meat or chickenor fishResidence Urban 85.7 99.2 96.1 96.1 72.2 50.8 44.6EducationCasteRural 70.1 98.3 91.7 89.5 43.8 34.0 28.2Illiterate 65.2 98.2 91.6 88.8 38.2 36.6 31.1Literate 88.0 99.0 95.2 95.6 71.6 44.3 38.0SCs 55.7 97.9 92.2 91.0 39.8 49.4 44.5STs 62.7 98.1 90.2 86.6 38.1 37.2 26.6Low 57.6 98.0 90.2 86.9 33.3 35.3 29.9Standard ofMedium 78.4 98.7 90.2 92.1 54.0 40.6 33.8livingHigh 94.6 99.4 98.1 92.1 82.6 44.4 39.8Total 75.5 98.6 93.3 91.8 53.7 39.9 33.9Source: NFHS-2, Karnataka 1998-99.142
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KARNATAKA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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© Copyright 2006Government of Karn
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MessageIt is indeed appropriate tha
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9. Dr. Malati DasChief Secretary,Go
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AcknowledgementsThe preparation of
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AcknowledgementsK. Shankar Rao, Sen
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List of ParticipantsRegional Worksh
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List of ParticipantsManasagangothri
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ContentsAbbreviationsIntroductionCH
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Box 5.2 Monitorable targets in the
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Table 4.5 Estimates of Net District
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Table 8.7 Agricultural wages of rur
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AbbreviationsABER : Annual Blood Ex
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AbbreviationsINS : Indian Naval Ser
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AbbreviationsSDP : State Domestic P
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Introductionprimarily on public spe
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Karnataka: An Overview
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CHAPTER 1Karnataka Human Developmen
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Karnataka Human Development Report
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Human Development in Karnataka
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Income, Employment and Poverty
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CHAPTER 4Income, Employment and Pov
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HouseholdtypeKarnataka Human Develo
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TABLE 4.7Agricultural wages for men
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2.64 per cent per annum) and to 23.
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Page 187 and 188: TABLE 7.2Houses constructed under S
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Gender and Human Development(Table
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Gender and Human DevelopmentAssessm
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Gender and Human Developmentneeds t
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Gender and Human DevelopmentSchedul
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Gender and Human DevelopmentFIGURE
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Gender and Human Developmentdiffere
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Gender and Human DevelopmentFIGURE
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Gender and Human Developmentviolenc
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CHAPTER 9Status of Scheduled Castes
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Sl.No.DistrictsKarnataka Human Deve
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and allied activities and less from
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CHAPTER 10Status of Scheduled Tribe
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Their literacy rate is the lowest f
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CHAPTER 11Institutional Reforms for
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on the information in the Link Docu
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for water supply are meagre and in
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Further, there is a need to ensure
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Good Governance
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Good GovernanceBOX 12.1Components o
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Good GovernanceUnder Khajane, all t
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Good GovernanceThere are no standar
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Good GovernanceMaking the administr
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CHAPTER 13Voluntarism and NGOsIntro
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Societies Act, have government empl
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Self-Help Groups:Empowerment Throug
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Self-Help Groups: Empowerment Throu
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CHAPTER 15The Way ForwardIntroducti
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for allocations to human developmen
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The infrastructure of high schools
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and urban renewal need to be implem
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fewer economic opportunities than t
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adequate to pay the salaries of the
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Technical Note - Computing IndicesP
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Technical Note - Computing IndicesS
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Technical Note - Computing Indices3
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Glossary (Statistical Terms)1. Birt
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Glossary (Statistical Terms)27. Wor
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Glossary (Regional Terms)Indira Mah
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ReferencesAlex Tuscano (1999), “P
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References___, (2001), National Sta
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References___, Finance Department,
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ReferencesKanbargi Ramesh, (2002),
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ReferencesRayappa P H and Sekhar T.
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