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Human Development in KarnatakaThe average of percapita GDP, per capitaconsumption and povertyhave been used forcomputing the incomeindex. As a result, theHDIs computed by thedifferent states are notstrictly comparable.Himachal Pradesh (2002), Maharashtra (2002),Rajasthan (2002), Assam (2003), West Bengal(2004), Punjab (2004), Nagaland (2004), Orissa(2004) and Gujarat (2004) also brought out StateHuman Development Reports.The states may have followed the UNDPmethodology but there is little uniformity anda lot of experimentation in application. Somestates have used literacy rates in combinationwith mean years of schooling or the enrolmentratio in the 6-14 years age group, while othersused the combined enrolment ratios of primaryand secondary schools in combination withadult literacy rates/literacy rates for computingthe educational status index. For literacy ratesor adult literacy rates and enrolment ratios, theminimum and maximum values used were 0and 100. However, Madhya Pradesh in its fi rstHDR used 80 as the maximum value (target) forliteracy. As far as the health index is concerned,some states used (1–IMR) index and othersused an index of life expectancy at birth (LEB)for health status. There is also considerablevariation in the method used for computation ofLEB, and thus, the same year of reference wasnot used in computation of the HDI for 2001by various states. There has been much diversityin the adoption of UNDP’s methodology withregard to the income index and minima andmaxima values by states. Some states haveused the methodology of the 1994 HDR whileothers have used the 1999 HDR methodology.Similarly, a few states used the highestper capita GDP and the lowest (or incomepoverty) per capita GDP prevailing in the statesin the reference year as end points in the scale,instead of the maximum and minimum valuesused in UNDP HDRs. The West Bengal HDRhas used completely different measures forcomputing the income index. The average of percapita GDP, per capita consumption and povertyhave been used for computing the income index.As a result, the HDIs computed by the differentstates are not strictly comparable.Another important factor to be noted is thatno SHDR, after 2001, has used NHDR 2001methodology due to non-availability of data forthe variables used in computing the HDI and theGDI (or GEI). One of the objectives of the NHDR2001 was to help states in the preparation oftheir HDRs. It has been noted earlier that dataconstraints were one of the major reasons cited forchanging the variables and end points of the scalesin the computation of the HDI (or GDI/GEI) in theNHDR. However, ironically, states have found itdiffi cult to obtain reliable data for computation ofthe HDI based on the NHDR.Karnataka Human DevelopmentReport 2005: MethodologyWhile preparing this HDR, the question of themethodology most appropriate for our purposeswas carefully analysed. While both the NHDR andthe UNDP methodologies had certain shortcomingsthat highlighted our own data constraints, wefound we would encounter more data problemsif we used NHDR methodology. Computation oflife expectancy at age 1, for instance, posed someproblems because the age group data releasedby the 2001 census could not be used for agesmoothening or graduation of age data on accountof certain distortions in data and also becausesingle year age population data was not available.Similarly, computation of per capita consumptionfor districts based on pooling of NSS data wasnot free from errors. The inadequate samplesize for some districts meant that the estimatesgave a distorted picture for districts, not only inKarnataka, but in other states as well. With regardto educational indicators, using literacy along withintensity of schooling raised some conceptualproblems since it could result in double countingin the age group 6-18 years. It was thus diffi cultfor this Report to adopt the NHDR methodology,useful as it is in so many ways.Computation of HDI fordistrictsThe HDI for districts is computed on the basisof the methodology used in UNDP HDR 1999,details of which are given in the TechnicalNote. Due to the non-availability of data onadult literacy rates for 2001, literacy rates for7 years plus, the combined gross enrolmentratios of primary and secondary level education(class I-XII) have been substituted. Hence, there is14
Karnataka Human Development Report 2005BOX 2.3AComposition of HDI 2001IndicatorDistrictHealth Education IncomeHDIIndex Rank Index Rank Index Rank Value Rank1 Bagalkot 0.597 27 0.636 22 0.539 12 0.591 222 Bangalore Rural 0.692 6 0.662 20 0.605 4 0.653 63 Bangalore Urban 0.705 5 0.887 1 0.666 1 0.753 14 Belgaum 0.712 2 0.699 15 0.532 13 0.648 85 Bellary 0.685 7 0.618 23 0.549 9 0.617 186 Bidar 0.638 17 0.689 17 0.470 26 0.599 217 Bijapur 0.627 24 0.642 21 0.499 23 0.589 238 Chamarajnagar 0.642 15 0.570 26 0.518 17 0.576 259 Chikmaglur 0.637 19 0.742 9 0.563 6 0.647 910 Chitradurga 0.660 12 0.704 14 0.517 18 0.627 1611 Dakshina Kannada 0.707 3 0.823 4 0.636 2 0.722 212 Davangere 0.680 8 0.711 13 0.515 19 0.635 1213 Dharwad 0.615 26 0.758 7 0.553 8 0.642 1014 Gadag 0.628 23 0.750 8 0.525 15 0.634 1315 Gulbarga 0.632 20 0.572 25 0.490 25 0.564 2616 Hassan 0.670 10 0.729 10 0.519 16 0.639 1117 Haveri 0.620 25 0.699 16 0.491 24 0.603 2018 Kodagu 0.638 18 0.833 3 0.621 3 0.697 419 Kolar 0.653 13 0.713 12 0.508 21 0.625 1720 Koppal 0.642 16 0.576 24 0.529 14 0.582 2421 Mandya 0.632 21 0.682 18 0.513 20 0.609 1922 Mysore 0.663 11 0.669 19 0.561 7 0.631 1423 Raichur 0.648 14 0.524 27 0.469 27 0.547 2724 Shimoga 0.707 4 0.766 6 0.547 10 0.673 525 Tumkur 0.672 9 0.714 11 0.505 22 0.630 1526 Udupi 0.713 1 0.842 2 0.588 5 0.714 327 Uttara Kannada 0.632 22 0.781 5 0.546 11 0.653 7Karnataka 0.680 0.712 0.559 0.650an element of double counting in the age group6-18 years for educational status. It may be notedthat due to changes in methodology, i.e. adoptingthe logarithm method in computation, there hasbeen a sudden increase in the values of the incomeindex. Another important factor is that changingthe base year from 1980-81 to 1993-94 forestimation of GDP at constant prices for India andthe states (introduced by the CSO) has contributedto higher values of income indices for 1991-92and 2001-02. In Karnataka, the estimates of lifeexpectancy at birth for districts and the state havebeen made on the basis of the regression methodinvolving the crude birth rate, the crude death rate,the rate of natural increase in population and theinfant mortality rate for 2001. In order to enable15
Page 1 and 2: KARNATAKA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 3 and 4: © Copyright 2006Government of Karn
Page 5 and 6: MessageIt is indeed appropriate tha
Page 7 and 8: 9. Dr. Malati DasChief Secretary,Go
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgementsThe preparation of
Page 11 and 12: AcknowledgementsK. Shankar Rao, Sen
Page 13 and 14: List of ParticipantsRegional Worksh
Page 15 and 16: List of ParticipantsManasagangothri
Page 17 and 18: ContentsAbbreviationsIntroductionCH
Page 19 and 20: Box 5.2 Monitorable targets in the
Page 21 and 22: Table 4.5 Estimates of Net District
Page 23 and 24: Table 8.7 Agricultural wages of rur
Page 25 and 26: AbbreviationsABER : Annual Blood Ex
Page 27 and 28: AbbreviationsINS : Indian Naval Ser
Page 29 and 30: AbbreviationsSDP : State Domestic P
Page 31 and 32: Introductionprimarily on public spe
Page 33 and 34: Karnataka: An Overview
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 1Karnataka Human Developmen
Page 37 and 38: Karnataka Human Development Report
Page 41 and 42: Human Development in Karnataka
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Karnataka Human Development Report
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Income, Employment and Poverty
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CHAPTER 4Income, Employment and Pov
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HouseholdtypeKarnataka Human Develo
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TABLE 4.7Agricultural wages for men
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2.64 per cent per annum) and to 23.
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ConcernsComparable with all-India t
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Literacy and Education
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Literacy and Educationdo not have t
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Literacy and EducationTABLE 5.2Lite
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Literacy and EducationThe lowest ge
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Literacy and EducationBOX 5.4Object
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Literacy and EducationBOX 5.6Involv
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Literacy and Education% of girls’
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Literacy and EducationBOX 5.9How to
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Literacy and EducationGirls’ educ
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Literacy and EducationGiven the dom
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Literacy and EducationThe enrolment
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- ‘hard’ factors such as infras
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CHAPTER 6Demography, Health and Nut
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CHAPTER 7Housing, Water Supply and
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TABLE 7.2Houses constructed under S
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Gender and Human Development
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Gender and Human DevelopmentDespite
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Gender and Human DevelopmentBOX 8.2
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Gender and Human DevelopmentTABLE 8
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Gender and Human DevelopmentIn both
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Gender and Human DevelopmentHuman d
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Gender and Human DevelopmentIt is u
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Gender and Human DevelopmentThe res
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Gender and Human Development(Table
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Gender and Human DevelopmentAssessm
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Gender and Human Developmentneeds t
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Gender and Human DevelopmentSchedul
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Gender and Human DevelopmentFIGURE
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Gender and Human Developmentdiffere
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Gender and Human DevelopmentFIGURE
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Gender and Human Developmentviolenc
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CHAPTER 9Status of Scheduled Castes
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Sl.No.DistrictsKarnataka Human Deve
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and allied activities and less from
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CHAPTER 10Status of Scheduled Tribe
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Their literacy rate is the lowest f
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CHAPTER 11Institutional Reforms for
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on the information in the Link Docu
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for water supply are meagre and in
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Further, there is a need to ensure
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Good Governance
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Good GovernanceBOX 12.1Components o
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Good GovernanceUnder Khajane, all t
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Good GovernanceThere are no standar
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Good GovernanceMaking the administr
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CHAPTER 13Voluntarism and NGOsIntro
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Societies Act, have government empl
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Self-Help Groups:Empowerment Throug
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Self-Help Groups: Empowerment Throu
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CHAPTER 15The Way ForwardIntroducti
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for allocations to human developmen
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The infrastructure of high schools
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and urban renewal need to be implem
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fewer economic opportunities than t
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adequate to pay the salaries of the
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Technical Note - Computing IndicesP
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Technical Note - Computing IndicesS
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Technical Note - Computing Indices3
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Glossary (Statistical Terms)1. Birt
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Glossary (Statistical Terms)27. Wor
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Glossary (Regional Terms)Indira Mah
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ReferencesAlex Tuscano (1999), “P
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References___, (2001), National Sta
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References___, Finance Department,
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ReferencesKanbargi Ramesh, (2002),
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ReferencesRayappa P H and Sekhar T.
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